2A

Question 1

Central dogma

Answer 1

Info flow DNA->protein,why? Convert genotype-> phenotype

I.e.: transcription and translation

Question 2

Where do transcription and translation occurs in prokaryotes

Answer 2

Cytoplasm

Question 3

Where do transcription and translation occurs in eukaryotes

Answer 3

Transcription-nucleus
Translation-cytoplasm

Question 4

Replication…___->____

Answer 4

DNA->DNA, DNA poly

Question 5

Transcription…___->____

Answer 5

DNA->RNA using RNA poly

Question 6

Translation…___->___

Answer 6

RNA->protein using ribosome

Question 7

Rev. Transcription… ___->____

Answer 7

RNA->DNA,rev. Transcriptase

Question 8

Beagle and Tatum hypothesis

Answer 8

Gene encode enzyme that works at each step in biochemical pathway to make essential nutrient

Question 9

In the one gene one enzyme protein hypothesis what happens if you mutate a gene encoding an enzyme

Answer 9

A block in the metabolic pathway and organism can no longer make needed nutrient (autotroph/mutant)

Question 10

Isolating ___ auxotrophic mutant conclusion

Answer 10

If after arrow and added then it can grow

If before arrow and added then can’t grow

Question 11

2 types of RNA encoded by genes

Answer 11

1. Coding RNA (mRNA)
2. Non coding RNA (tRNA, rRNA, snRNA,microRNA)

Question 12

Coding RNA

Answer 12

Code for protein/polypeptide

Question 13

Noncoding RNA

Answer 13

Not code for protein

Question 14

Genetic code??

Answer 14

Nucleotide info to a.a.sequence (in 4 nucleotide bases-ATGC for DNA OR RNA AUGC)

Question 15

DNA has ____ letter code

Answer 15

Three-> triplet so 64 comb. (4^3)

Question 16

RNA has ___ letter code

Answer 16

Three-> codon (messenger RNA)64 combo. (4^3)

Question 17

Is genetic code universal

Answer 17

YES… same in prokaryote,eukaryote, virus

Question 18

What does universal genetic code enable

Answer 18

Allow foreign genes to be transferred and expressed in diff host organisms

Question 19

Why is dyed protein used in genetic code testing

Answer 19

See where it is and temporal expression of the protein

Question 20

During transcription how many RNA from DNA template strand

Answer 20

1,

Question 21

If template strand is 3->5 then. 1. RNA is in ___->____. 2. Nontemplate is ____->_____

Answer 21

1. 5->3. 2. 5->3

Question 22

Is the nontemplate strand used in transcription

Answer 22

NOOO… coding strand and transcription only occurs for template in 5’->3’

Question 23

What happens if wrong DNA strand is read during transcription

Answer 23

Nonfunctional protein sequence is produced

Question 24

What is shown on the coding strand for chromosomal maps

Answer 24

Genes are shown on nontemplate strand

Question 25

Where is rev. Transcriptase found

Answer 25

Viruses with RNA genomes (retrovirus)

Question 26

Lysogeny and rev. Transcription… how are they related???

Answer 26

Viral RNA converted into viral DNA to integrate into host chromosome

Question 27

HIV life cycle (process)

Answer 27

1. Binding- HIV bind to surface of host cell
2. Fusion-virus fuse with cell membrane of host cell (enter cell)
3. Rev. Transcription-inside cell, RNA->DNA (enzyme: reverse transcriptase)
4. Integration (HIV DNA integrates into host DNA, enzyme-integrase)
5. Replication-HIV makes long chain of HIV protein
6. Assembly-HIV protein+RNA (both on surface of cell))… assemble into immature HIV
7. Budding-immature HIV pushed out of cell (protease)… became mature and virulent

Question 28

3 enzymes in HIV life cycle

Answer 28

1. Reverse transcriptase-convert RNA->DNA
   2.Integrase- transport new DNA into nucleus… through pore… cut host DNA and insert viral DNA into genome
   3.protease-breakup polyprotein chain and allow viral cell to mature

Question 29

Life cycle of SARS-CoV2 process

Answer 29

1.binding-S protein to ACE2 receptor
2.viralenvelope and host membrane fuse (enter host cell)
3. Viral RNA enter cell
4. Translation (protein->RNA)
5. RNA replication
6. Endoplasmic ret. Transformed to bubble
7. Genomic transcription and sub genomic transcription
8. Translated structural protein integrate into ER golgi
9. RNA +N (combine in neocapsid)
10. Membrane protein envelop neocapsid= make vision and move through golgi
11. Exocytosis (leave cell)

Question 30

Is SARS CoV2 lysogenic

Answer 30

NO

Question 31

What are the 4 structural proteins in SARS CoV2

Answer 31

Spike, envelope, membrane, nucleocapsin

Question 32

Where are ACE2 receptors expressed

Answer 32

Alveolar lung, heart, intestine

Question 33

In SARS CoV2 can RNA be made from scratch??

Answer 33

NO, RNA dependent RNA poly synthesizes - sense ssRNA for viral transcription and replication

Question 34

Is SARS CoV2 genome in + or - sense

Answer 34

+ sense ssRNA

Question 35

Did DNA or RNA come first???

Answer 35

RNA cause it can store genetic info and code for a.a. Like DNA and it can catalyze rxns like enzyme

Question 36

Evidence that RNA came first

Answer 36

1.ribozyme (ribonucleic enzyme)->catalyze own synthesis and cleave RNA molecule
2. DNA made later and is more stable than RNA (ds)