1A

Question 1

What is genetics

Answer 1

Study:
1. Heredity
2. Variation
In ind. cells and pop

Question 2

Gene?

Answer 2

Unit of heredity and variation

Question 3

Gene role

Answer 3

DNA sequence that makes RNA and protein

Question 4

Allele?

Answer 4

Varient form of gene caused by DNA sequence

Question 5

Genotype

Answer 5

Gene inherited by organism

Question 6

Phenotype

Answer 6

Visible traits (behaviour, illness/etc.)

Question 7

Genome

Answer 7

Entire DNA sequence

Question 8

Where are genes

Answer 8

On chromosomes and they are part of genome that encode for RNA and protein

Question 9

Gene expression

Answer 9

Turn on gene to make RNA and protein (coding gene)

Question 10

Protein expression

Answer 10

Type and abundance of protein in cell

Question 11

Why do proteins determine phenotype

Answer 11

They control every rxn in cell

Question 12

Enzymes

Answer 12

Catalyze synthesis and transformation of all biomolecules

Question 13

Structuralproteins

Answer 13

Maintain cell shape

Question 14

Signaling protein

Answer 14

Hormone and receptor

Question 15

What causes phenotypic variation

Answer 15

1.diff allele (variation in gene sequence=> change in a.a. Sequence of proteins) (type of colour)
2. Differential regulation of gene and protein expression (how much colour is expressed)

Question 16

Uses of molecular genetics

Answer 16

1.human health
Forensics
Agriculture
Environnement
Evolutionary bio

Question 17

3 classical experiments that established DNA as hereditary molecule

Answer 17

1. Griffith
   2.Avery, Macleod and McCarthy
2. Hershey and Chase

Question 18

Griffith accomplishement

Answer 18

Found smt that could genetically transform streptococcus pneumonia

Question 19

Avery Macleod and McCarthy accomplishment

Answer 19

Identified DNA as molecule that transforms rough pneumonia (R) and non virulent=> virulent form (S)

Question 20

Hershey and Chase accomplishment

Answer 20

Final evidence that DNA is hereditary molecule

Question 21

What is streptococcus pneumonia and what are the two types

Answer 21

-bacterial pathogen that causes pneumonia
1. Smooth strain (S)
2. Rough strain (R)

Question 22

Smooth strain (S)?

Answer 22

Bacteria surrounded by polysaccharide capsule= protect S strain from immune system… virulent

Question 23

Rough strain (R)?

Answer 23

No polysaccharide capsule (weak so can’t attack immune system)… non-virulent

Question 24

Griffith experiment process

Answer 24

(Transforming principle)
1. Mouse died of pneumonia from S
2. Mouse unaffected by R
3. Mouse unaffected by heat killed S
4. Mouse died of pneumonia from heat killed S and R

Question 25

Griffith conclusion

Answer 25

Transforming principle: molecules released when S killed=> transform living R cell to S form

(Permanent and heritable)

Question 26

Avery Macleod and McCarthy question

Answer 26

Is transforming principle: protein, DNA or RNA

Question 27

AMM experiment process

Answer 27

Cell extract/cytoplasm of heat killed S cells that have protein RNA and DNA

1. RNAse.. RNA dead but R=>S
2. Protease… Protein dead but R=>S
3. DNAse… DNA dead and R no change

Question 28

Avery Macleod and McCarthy conclusion

Answer 28

DNA os transforming principle cause when DNA was killed by DNAse R did not become virulent

Question 29

2 types of life cycles of virus

Answer 29

1. Lytic cycle (virulent and reproduction of virus=host cell rupture/lysis)
2. Lysogenic cycle (replicate viral genome-latent/hidden form)

Question 30

During the lytic cycle does viral DNA replication in bacterial chromosome

Answer 30

NOOO separately

Question 31

WHat can lysogeny do that lytic cycle cant

Answer 31

Can switch to lytic if viral DNA is released from bacteria chromosome

Question 32

Steps of lytic pathway

Answer 32

1. Infection
2. Circular action of viral DNA
   3.replicate (viral DNA, RNA , protein)… b. Chromosome degradation
3. Assemble into progeny/viral particles
4. Celllysis and mature phage release

Question 33

Lysogeny process

Answer 33

1. Infection
2. Circularization of viral DNA
3. Viral DNA insert into bacterial chromosome (recombination)
   4.pro phage replicates (viral gene inactive)
4. Pro phage inherited in bacterial daughter cell

Question 34

Is Hershey and chase lytic or lysogenic experiment

Answer 34

Lytic

Question 35

Hershey and chase experiment process

Answer 35

2 bacteriophages…
1. Radioactive isotopes 32P (DNA),and 35S (protein)
2. Infection of E.coli
3. Separate attached bacteriophage and e.coli through centrifugation
4. Determine how much of each is there

Question 36

Hershey and Chase conclusion

Answer 36

32P/DNA is heritable cause detached bacteriophage had 32P

35S/protein is NOT heritable cause not found in d.b.