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Biol 243 Midterm > 1B > Flashcards

1B Flashcards

1
Q

Components of DNA

A
  1. Pentose sugar (RNA-ribose or DNA-deoxyribose)
  2. Nitrogenous base… Purine (adenine guanine) and Pyrimidine (cytosine, uracil,thymine)
  3. Phosphate
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2
Q

RNA vs DNA sugar

A

RNA-ribose is pentose with OH, OH

DNA-deoxyribose is pentose with OH, H

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3
Q

Where is the diff between DNA and RNA

A

2’carbon

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4
Q

Nitrogenous bases of DNA and RNA

A

Pyrimidine (1 ring-6): cytosine (NH2, N, O, NH) AND thymine (Ch3, O, NH, O, NH) AND uracil (O, NH, O, NH)

Purine (2 rings-5): adenine (NH2) AND guanine (O, NH, NH2, N)

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5
Q

Where do ribose/deoxyribose sugars bind on purines

A

N9

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6
Q

Where do ribose/deoxyribose sugar bind on Pyrimidine

A

N1

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7
Q

Nucleoside?

A

Sugar+base

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8
Q

Deoxyribonucleoside?

A

2-deoxyribose sugar+ purine/Pyrimidine base

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9
Q

Where does the nitrogenous base bind on the deoxyribonucleoside….

A

C1’ of deoxyribose/ribose

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10
Q

What is deoxyadenosine

A

2-d+ adenine

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11
Q

Deoxyguanosine

A

2D+ guanosine

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12
Q

Thymidine??

A

2D+ thymine

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13
Q

Ribonucleoside??

A

Ribose sugar+ purine/Pyrimidine base

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14
Q

Adenosine

A

Ribose+ adenine

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15
Q

Guanosine

A

Ribose+ guanine

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16
Q

Cytosine?

A

Ribose+ cytosine

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17
Q

Uridine

A

Ribose+ uracil

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18
Q

Nucleotides

A

Nucleoside+phosphate

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19
Q

Where is the phosphate group attached on nucleotides

A

C5’ of ribose/deoxyribose sugar

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20
Q

.dATP

A

Deoxyadenosine triphosphate (3x PO4, deoxyribose, adenine)

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21
Q

.dTTP

A

Deoxythymidine triphosphate (3x PO4, deoxyribose, thymine)

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22
Q

.dGTP

A

Deoxyguanosine triphosphate (deoxyribose,3xPO4, guanine)

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23
Q

.dCTP

A

Deoxycytidine triphosphate(deoxyribose, 3xPO4, cytosine)

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24
Q

What is DNA made of

A

Polymer of deoxyribonucleotides

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25
Q

How do nucleotide monomers polymerize (assemble)

A

Phosphodiester bonds (C-O-P-O-C)

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26
Q

What bonds make the pentose-phosphate backbone

A

Covalent bonds between phosphate and C3 and C5 of 2 pentose sugar

27
Q

What is 5’ end of DNA

A

PO4 end

28
Q

What is 3’ end of DNA?

A

Hydroxyl end

29
Q

Is DNA polar or nonpolar

A

Polar (5’ PO4 and 3’ OH)

30
Q

What is the charge on DNA

A

Neg. Cause neg. PO4

31
Q

3D structure of DNA components

A
  1. Linear
  2. Pentose-phosphate backbone
  3. Nitrogenous bases in nucleotide held code
32
Q

Erwin chargaff conclusions

A
  1. Chargaff’s rule: %A=%T, %C=%G
  2. %purines (A+G)=%pyrimidines (C+T)
  3. A,C,G,T are never equal amounts
33
Q

What was chargaff testing

A

Quantities of 4 nitrogenous bases in organisms

34
Q

Rosalind franklin conclusion

A

X-Ray diffraction
1. DNA is cylindrical
2. Bases were stacked (periodicity)
3. X-shape

35
Q

Watson and Crick conclusion

A
  1. Phosphate pentose backbone spiral (double helix)
  2. Anti parallel 5->3, 3->5
  3. Purine pairs with Pyrimidine
  4. Backbone/exterior is hydrophilic…. Base/interior is hydrophobic
36
Q

What type of bonding between purine and Pyrimidine nitrogenous base

A

Hydrogen bond

37
Q

What does guanine pair with

A

Cytosine

38
Q

What does adenine pair with

A

Thymine

39
Q

How many hydrogen bonds between G and C

A

3

40
Q

How may h-bonds between adenine and thymine

A

2

41
Q

Nucleic acid hybridization

A

1.temperature driven
2. [] dependent

2 options
1. Denature (alkali and heat)-> reaneal (cool)… DNA and DNA
2. Denature and add RNA-> RNA hybridizes to complementary DNA strand… DNA-RNA hybrid

42
Q

Where are DNA-RNA hybrids

A

DNA replication
Transcription
Reproducing RNA viruses

43
Q

Watson and Cricks conclusion

A
  1. Complementary base pairing=> parental strand as template for DNA replication of new strands
  2. Parental strand unwind (break h-bond)
    3.semi conservative replication… parental+new
  3. Direction of replication is 5->3
44
Q

DNA general organization

A

-DNA with proteins=> chromosomes
-Chromatin=> region of DNA with protein on chromosome

45
Q

Prokaryote DNA

A

Circular chromosome (1) + many small independent circular DNA (plasmids in cytoplasm)

46
Q

Eukaryotic chromosomes

A

Linear and enclosed in nucleus

47
Q

Critical components of eukaryotic chromosomes

A

-DNA replication (chromosome duplication)-> chromosome transmitted to each daughter cell (mitosis/meiosis)
1. Origin of replication
2. Centromere
3. Telomeres

48
Q

Origin of replication??

A

DNA sequence along chromosome which initiate DNA replication

49
Q

Centromere?

A

DNA sequence need for correct segregation along kinetic horse where mitosis spindle attaches

50
Q

Telomere use??

A

DNA sequence at end of chromosome… prevent degradation and allow proper replication of chromosomal ends

51
Q

Are the majority of eukaryotic cells diploid or haploid

A

Diploid (2 copies of each chromosome->homologous chromosomes)

52
Q

Which eukaryotic cells are haploid

A

(1 copy of chromosome+ diff copy of 1 chromosome)

Sexually-reproductive cells

53
Q

Can eukaryotes be polyploid

A

Yes… ex: large protists have more than 2 chromosome sets

54
Q

Why is DNA organized as chromosomes

A
  1. Compact=> fit in cell/nucleus
  2. Protect DNA from damage (shield)
  3. Chromosome easily separated and transmitted to each daughter cell during cell division
55
Q

Histone?

A

Basic positively charged protein… DNA winds around this

56
Q

Nucleoside

A

Histone octameter (many DNA wrapped around)

57
Q

What forms chromatin fibre

A

H1 (histone( linker DNA) and nucleosome

58
Q

What type of histone do prokaryotes have

A

Prokaryotes dont have histones

59
Q

Is dna packing/compaction uniform??

A

NAHHHH

60
Q

Euchromatin??

A

-Region with lower DNA compaction
-genes actively expressed

61
Q

Heterochromatin

A

-high DNA compaction of chromosomal region
-gene expression silenced

62
Q

Constitutive heterochromatin

A

DNA HIGHLY compacted

Aka centromere and subtelomeric region

63
Q

Facultative heterochromatin

A

Switch to euchromatin depending on cell type and during development

Biol 243 Midterm (8 decks)

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