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Beginner Spanish > 2.9 Lesson > Flashcards

2.9 Lesson Flashcards

A quick introduction to the present perfect, past perfect, and conditional.

1
Q

What is a past participle?

A

The past participle is a verb form that is essential to the conjugation of compound tenses. Past participles are also often used as adjectives or for the passive voice. In English, past participles end in “-ed” or “-en”: “I’ve already cooked - Ya he cocinado. “I’ve already eaten” - Ya he comido.

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2
Q

How do you form a past participle?

A

The past participle for regular verbs is formed by adding -ado to the stem of -ar verbs or -ido to the stem of -er or -ir verbs.

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3
Q

Can past participles be used as adjectives?

A

Yes, past participles are often used as adjectives. When they do, they agree in number and gender: “The girls are tired” –> Las niñas están cansadas.

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4
Q

What is the present perfect tense in Spanish?

A

The present perfect tense is constructed by using the auxiliary verb haber (have) with the past participle of the primary verb:

  • An immediate past: “She hasn’t eaten yet” –> Todavía no ha comido
  • Information independent of time: “I haven’t gone out with Jorge” –> No he salido con Jorge
  • A past inhabited by the speaker: “Recently, I’ve been very sad” –> Recientemente he estado muy triste
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5
Q

Translate to Spanish.

I haven’t eaten yet

A

Todavía no he comido

I have (present perfect) - yo he. Notice that we already learned the impersonal conjugation of haber in the third person (hay–> there is, there are). When haber is used as an auxiliary verb, as it is used here, it can be conjugated for every person

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6
Q

Translate to Spanish:

I’ve canceled the trip

A

He cancelado el viaje

canceled - cancelado. This is the past participle of the verb cancelar. Add -ado to the stem of the verb.

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7
Q

Translate to Spanish.

You haven’t done your homework

A

No has hecho tu tarea

you have (present perfect) - tú has

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8
Q

Translate to Spanish:

Repeat what you have learned

A

Repite lo que has aprendido

learned - aprendido. This is the past participle of the verb aprender. Add -ido to the stem of the verb.

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9
Q

Translate to Spanish.

Monica has been happy lately

A

Monica ha estado contenta últimamente

he/she has (present perfect) - él/ella/ud ha

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10
Q

Translate to Spanish:

She’s lived in 12 countries

A

Ella ha vivido en doce países

lived - vivido (-ir past participle)

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11
Q

Translate to Spanish.

Eduardo, Miguel and I have not gone out yet

A

Eduardo, Miguel, y yo todavía no hemos salido

we have (present perfect) - nosotros hemos

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12
Q

Translate to Spanish:

We’ve already explained it to her

A

Ya se lo hemos explicado

explained - explicado (-ar past participle)

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13
Q

Translate to Spanish.

You (vosotros) have not loved

A

Vosotros no habéis amado

you have (present perfect) - vosotros habéis

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14
Q

Translate to Spanish:

You all have not met my friend Alexander?

A

¿No habéis conocido a mi amigo Alejandro?

met - conocido (-er past participle)

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15
Q

Translate to Spanish.

They have not finished their homework

A

Ellos no han terminado su tarea

they have (present perfect) - ellos/ellas/uds han

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16
Q

Translate to Spanish:

His books have been translated into many languages

A

Sus libros han sido traducidos a muchos idiomas

translated - traducido (-ir past participle)

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17
Q

Translate to Spanish.

TO HAVE (Present Perfect)

  • I have (eaten)
  • You have (eaten)
  • He/She has (eaten)
  • We have (eaten)
  • You have (eaten)
  • They have (eaten)
A

HABER (Tiempo Pretérito Perfecto)

  • Yo he (comido)
  • Tú has (comido)
  • Él/Ella/Ud ha (comido)
  • Nosotros hemos (comido)
  • Vosotros habéis (comido)
  • Ellos/Ellas/Uds han (comido)
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18
Q

What is the past participle ending for -ar verbs like amar?

A

Participio de verbos que terminan en -ar como amar (-ado)

  • Yo he amado
  • Tú has amado
  • Él ha amado
  • Nosotros hemos amado
  • Vosotros habéis amado
  • Ellos han amado
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19
Q

What is the past participle ending for -er and -ir verbs like comer?

A

Participio de verbos que terminan en -er e -ir como comer (-ido)

  • Yo he comido
  • Tú has comido
  • Él ha comido
  • Nosotros hemos comido
  • Vosotros habéis comido
  • Ellos han comido
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20
Q

What is the Past Perfect Tense in Spanish?

A

The Past Perfect Tense is formed by using haber as an auxiliary verb. Haber is conjugated in the imperfect tense with the past participle of the primary verb. It describes the past of the past:

  • “They had already left” –> Ya se habían ido
  • “They had eaten all of the food” –> Habían comido toda la comida
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21
Q

Translate to Spanish:

When they got back, I had already eaten

A

Cuando volvieron, yo ya había comido

I had eaten (past perfect) - (yo) había comido. Note that in Spanish compound tenses, the helping verb haber and its participle are never separated.

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22
Q

Translate to Spanish:

You had done a lot for them

A

Tú habías hecho mucho para ellos

you had done (past perfect) - habías hecho

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23
Q

Translate to Spanish:

Monica had been happy

A

Mónica había estado feliz

he/she had been (past perfect) - (él/ella/Ud) había estado

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24
Q

Translate to Spanish:

My brother and I had reserved a hotel room

A

Mi hermano y yo habíamos reservado un cuarto en el hotel

we had reserved (past perfect) - habíamos reservado

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25
# Translate to Spanish: _You all had already left_ when they arrived
_Ustedes ya se habían ido_ cuando llegaron ## Footnote you had left (past perfect, Spain) - *habíais ido*
26
# Translate to Spanish: _They had sung_ for the president
_Habían cantado_ para el presidente ## Footnote they had sung (past perfect) - *habían cantado*
27
# Translate to Spanish: _I had moved_ to California for a year
_Me había mudado_ a California por un año ## Footnote I had moved (changed residence) - *me había mudado*. Recall that *mudarse* is a reflexive verb, and that the reflexive pronoun should go before the helping verb in compound tenses.
28
# Translate to Spanish: _Had you reserved_ a hotel room before your trip?
¿_Habías reservado_ un cuarto en el hotel antes del viaje? ## Footnote you had reserved (in a hotel, restaurant) - *tú habías reservado*
29
# Translate to Spanish: _She had bumped into_ an old friend in Berlin
_Ella se había tropezado con_ un viejo amigo en Berlín ## Footnote he/she had bumped into (past perfect) - *él/ella/Ud se había tropezado con*
30
# Translate to Spanish: _We had told_ her everything
Le _habíamos contado_ todo ## Footnote We had told (past perfect) - *nosotros habíamos contado*
31
# Translate to Spanish: The teacher _had posed_ a dificult problem to the class
La profesora _había propuesto_ un problema difícil a la clase ## Footnote she had posed, put forward (past perfect) - *ella había propuesto*
32
# Translate to Spanish: _They had announced_ the good news before the party
_Habían anunciado_ las buenas noticias antes de la fiesta ## Footnote they had announced (past perfect) - *ellos/ellas/Uds habían anunciado*
33
# Translate to Spanish: I had already prepared it _beforehand_
Ya lo había preparado _anteriormente_ ## Footnote earlier, beforehand, previously - *anteriormente*
34
# Translate to Spanish. TO HAVE (Past Perfect) * I had (eaten) * You had (eaten) * He/She had (eaten) * We had(eaten) * You had (eaten) * They had (eaten)
HABER (Tiempo Pluscuamperfecto) * Yo había (comido) * Tú habías (comido) * Él/Ella/Ud había (comido) * Nosotros habíamos (comido) * Vosotros habíais (comido) * Ellos/Ellas/Uds habían (comido)
35
What are **irregular past participles**?
Some past participles in Spanish are irregular in that they do not end in *-ado* or *-ido*. Instead, they have entirely irregular forms: "I've already returned the books George lent me" --\> *Ya he devuelto los libros que Jorge me prestó*.
36
# Translate to Spanish: You've _opened_ my eyes to the truth
Me has _abierto_ los ojos a la verdad ## Footnote opened - *abierto*. Note that this is the irregular past participle of the verb *abrir*. The form *abrido* does not exsit.
37
# Translate to Spanish: The boy _covers_ the table with a tablecloth
El niño _cubre_ la mesa con un mantel ## Footnote to cover, conceal - *cubrir*
38
# Translate to Spanish: The company has _covered_ all the costs
La empresa ha _cubierto_ todos los costos ## Footnote covered, concealed (irregular past participle) - *cubierto*. The noun *costo* comes from the verb *costar*, "to cost." An alternative is *gasto*, or "expense."
39
# Translate to Spanish: She's _told_ me everything about the trip
Me ha _dicho_ todo sobre el viaje ## Footnote said, told - *dicho*. Note that this is the irregular past participle of the verb *decir*. (The form *decido* does not exist.)
40
# Translate to Spanish: I read (past tense) the words _written_ on the piece of paper
Leí las palabras _escritas_ en la hoja de papel ## Footnote written - *escrito* (irregular past participle). Remember that past participles agree in gender and quantity with the verb that they modify. (e.g. *palabras escritas*, but *un contrato escrito*.)
41
# Translate to Spanish: I like _to fry_ eggs for breakfast
Me gusta _freír_ huevos para desayuno ## Footnote to fry - *freír*
42
# Translate to Spanish: For breakfast I made _fried_ eggs
Para el desayuno preparé huevos _fritos_ ## Footnote fried - *frito* (irregular past participle)
43
# Translate to Spanish: The homework is well _done_
La tarea está bien _hecha_ ## Footnote made, done - *hecho* (irregular past participle)
44
# Translate to Spanish: Did the machine _print_ your name on the ticket?
¿_Imprimió_ la máquina tu nombre en el boleto? ## Footnote to print - *imprimir*
45
# Translate to Spanish: Your name is _printed_ on the ticket
Tu nombre está _impreso_ en el boleto ## Footnote printed - *impreso* (irregular past participle)
46
# Translate to Spanish: He was sad because his dog had _died_
Estaba triste porque su perro se había _muerto_ ## Footnote dead, deceased - *muerto* (irregular past participle)
47
# Translate to Spanish: I _placed_ your books and pencils on the table
He _puesto_ tus libros y lápices en la mesa ## Footnote put, placed - *puesto* (irregular past participle)
48
# Translate to Spanish: They want _to resolve_ the problem
Quieren _resolver_ el problema ## Footnote to resolve - *resolver*
49
# Translate to Spanish: The problem has been _resolved_
El problema se ha _resuelto_ ## Footnote resolved - *resuelto* (irregular past participle)
50
# Translate to Spanish: All my pencils are _broken_
Todos mis lápices están _rotos_ ## Footnote broken - *roto* (irregular past participle)
51
# Translate to Spanish: Does his work _satisfy_ him?
¿Le _satisface_ su trabajo? ## Footnote to satisfy - *satisfacer*
52
# Translate to Spanish: He's _satisfied_ by the work he's doing.
Está _satisfecho_ del trabajo que está haciendo. ## Footnote satisfied - *satisfecho*
53
# Translate to Spanish: I haven't _seen_ her in a long time
No la he _visto_ en mucho tiempo ## Footnote seen - *visto* (irregular past participle)
54
# Translate to Spanish: The president has _returned_ from Europe
Ha _vuelto_ el presidente desde Europa ## Footnote returned from somewhere - *vuelto* (irregular past participle)
55
# Translate to Spanish: He has already _returned_ the book to me
Ya me ha _devuelto_ el libro ## Footnote returned to someone - *devuelto* (irregular past participle)
56
What is the **conditional tense** in Spanish?
The **conditional tense** in Spanish generally corresponds to the English "would + (verb)" and expresses an uncertainity of the future. It is used to: * Root a future action in the past: "Jorge told me that he'd go out at ten" --\> *Jorge me dijo que* **saldría** *a las diez* * Express hypothetical thoughts: "I would help you with your homework, but I am busy today" --\> *Te* **ayudaría** *con tu tarea, pero estoy ocupado hoy* * Allow room for a probability that may include conjecture: "With whom would Marta go out so late at night?" --\> *¿Con quién* **saldría** *tan tarde Marta?* * Express a courteous request: "Would you allow me to use your car?" --\> *¿Me* **dejaría** *usar su coche?*
57
# Translate to Spanish. _I would talk_ but I don't want to
_Hablaría_ pero no quiero ## Footnote I would talk - *hablaría*. Note that regular *-ar*, *-er*, and *-ir* ending verbs are conjugated the same way in the conditional tense, with the endings simply added onto the infinitive
58
# Translate to Spanish. _You would run_, but you broke your leg
_Correrías_, pero te rompiste la pierna ## Footnote you would run - *correrías*
59
# Translate to Spanish. _José would write_ a book on Mexican art, but he's too busy
_José escribiría_ un libro sobre el arte mexicano, pero está demasiado ocupado ## Footnote he/she would write - *escribiría*
60
# Translate to Spanish. With whom _would we_ sing?
¿Con quién _cantaríamos_? ## Footnote we would sing - *cantaríamos*
61
# Translate to Spanish. _You_ (vosotros) _would understand_, but you're not listening
_Vosotros entenderíais_, pero no estais escuchando ## Footnote you (vosotros) would understand - *entederíais*
62
# Translate to Spanish. With whom _would they talk_ to at this hour?
¿Con quién _hablarían_ a esta hora? ## Footnote they would talk - *hablarían*
63
What are the conditional endings for regular *-ar*, *-er*, and *-ir* verbs?
Tiempo Condicional (-ar, -er, -ir) * -ía (yo) * -ías (tú) * -ía (él) * -íamos (nosotros) * -íais (vosotros) * -ían (ellos)
64
# Translate to Spanish. _Most_ men like sports
A _la mayoría de_ los hombres les gustan los deportes ## Footnote most - *la mayoría de*
65
# Translate to Spanish. Good _point_
Buen _punto_ ## Footnote point - *el punto*. The word *punto* is also used to describe "points" in a sport or game, or to mean "period" in a sentence
66
# Translate to Spanish. I will not go out with him. _Period_.
No voy a salir con él. _Punto_. ## Footnote period - *el punto*
67
# Translate to Spanish. Our teacher is in a _coma_
Nuestra maestra está en un _coma_ ## Footnote coma - *el coma*. Do not confuse this with *la coma*, which means "comma" (the punctuation mark)
68
# Translate to Spanish. There are too many _commas_ in your essay. You're going to have to write it over again
Hay demasiadas _comas_ en tu ensayo. Vas a tener que escribirlo de nuevo ## Footnote comma - *la coma*. Do not confuse this with *el coma*, which means a "coma" (i.e. a vegetative state)
69
# Translate to Spanish. Most _sentences_ end in a period
La mayoría de las _oraciones_ terminan con un punto ## Footnote sentence - *la oración*
70
# Translate to Spanish. This is the _end_ of your Spanish lesson
Éste es el _fin_ de tu lección de español ## Footnote end - *el fin*
71
# Translate to Spanish. _You should_ go to the party
_Deberías_ ir a la fiesta ## Footnote should - *deber (in conditional tense)*. Note that while *deber* in the present tense means "must", any conjugation of *deber* in the conditional means "should". e.g. "We should talk" - *Deberíamos hablar*

Beginner Spanish (24 decks)

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