1.4 Lesson Flashcards
Adjectives to describe physical and mental state, and the common verb ESTAR
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to be
(for transitory situations)
estar
to be - estar. Note that while ser is used to describe a state of permanence (e.g. Soy mujer), estar is used to describe transitory situations (e.g. Estoy feliz)
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Are you close to the building?
¿Estás cerca del edificio?
you are - estás. Estás (“you are”) is derived from the irregular verb estar (“to be”)
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How are you?
¿Cómo estás?
how? -¿cómo?. The phrase ¿Qué tal? is also sometimes used to mean “How are you?”. (The word tal by itself means “such”)
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You are sad
Tú estás triste
sad - triste
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I am not sad
Yo no estoy triste
I am - estoy. Note how estar is used in this situation, rather than ser, since your state of being sad is transitory and not permanent
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I am at home
Yo estoy en casa
at home - en casa
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I am tired
Yo estoy cansado
tired - cansado
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She is tired
Ella está cansada
he/she is - está
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He is happy
Él está contento/feliz
happy - contento, feliz. Feliz is generally used to describe a greater degree of joy than contento.
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You (ud) are sick
Usted está enfermo
sick - enfermo
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We are not sick
Nosotros no estamos enfermos
we are - estamos
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They are happy
Ellos están contentos
they are - están
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They (fem) are awake
Ellas están despiertas
awake - despierto
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You (uds) are busy
Ustedes están ocupados
busy - ocupado
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You (vosotras) are not awake
Vosotras no estáis despiertas
you (vosotros) are - estáis. Note that like nosotras, vosotras is the feminine version of the pronoun
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TO BE (estar)
- I am
- You are
- He/She is
- We are
- You are
- They are
ESTAR
- Yo estoy
- Tú estás
- Él/Ella/Ud está
- Nosotros estamos
- Vosotros estáis
- Ellos/Ellas/Uds están
What are the uses of the verb ser?
- place of origin, nationality
- occupation
- possession
- inherent and essential qualities
- religious or political affiliation
- the material something is made of
- the hour, date, and day
- where an event is taking place
What are the uses of the verb estar?
- a state or condition when used with adjectives
- geographic locations
- progressive tenses
- many idiomatic expressions
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Rafa and Miguel are clever students
Rafa y Miguel son estudiantes listos
clever - listo
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Is Julio still teaching at the same school?
¿Todavía está enseñando Julio en la misma escuela?
still - todavía
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Clara is busy; she’s not ready
Clara está ocupada; no está lista
ready - listo. Note that when used with ser, listo means “clever”. When used with estar, it means “ready”
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The building is not safe
El edificio no es seguro
safe - seguro
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I am sure that Monica is awake
Estoy seguro de que Monica está despierta
sure - seguro. Note that when used with ser, seguro means “safe.” When used with estar, it means “sure” and it must match the gender of the person who is “sure”
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She is very tired because she runs every day
Ella está muy cansada porque corre todos los días
because - porque
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Rodrigo is weak because he is sick
Rodrigo está débil porque está enfermo
weak - débil
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Roberto and I are dizzy because we are sick
Roberto y yo estamos mareados porque estamos enfermos
dizzy - mareado
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I am bored
Estoy aburrido
bored - aburrido
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Marta is bored of reading
Marta está aburrida de leer
verb + of - verbo + de. Note that in Spanish you use the infinitive form of the verb when the verb is preceded by a conjugated verb
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Mariana and Rafael are bored from so much studying
Mariana y Rafael están aburridos de tanto estudiar
so much - tanto
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He is boring
Él es aburrido
Note that by using ser rather than estar, we can change the word “bored” to mean “boring.” Ser denotes the permanent characteristic that he is a boring person.
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You (ud) are very embarrassed
Usted está muy avergonzado
embarrassed - avergonzado
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You (vosotros) are jealous
Vosotros estáis celosos
jealous - celoso
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The student is angry with the teacher (fem.)
El estudiante está enojado con la maestra
angry - enojado
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All of the students are happy to go to the university
Todos los estudiantes están felices de ir a la universidad
Note that the plural of feliz is felices. When forming the plural for nouns ending in -z, you must always change the z to a c
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Paloma is sick, so she does not eat a lot
Paloma está enferma, entonces no come mucho
so, then - entonces
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What is this thing?
¿Qué es esta cosa?
thing - la cosa
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Carlos never goes to class, so the teacher is annoyed
Carlos nunca va a clase, entonces la maestra está molesta
annoyed - molesto
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We do not study, so we are worried
Nosotros no estudiamos, entonces estamos preocupados
worried - preocupado
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- Who?
- What?
- Which?
- When?
- How?
- How many?
- How much?
- Where?
- Who? - ¿Quién?
- What? - ¿Qué?
- Which? - ¿Cuál?
- When? - ¿Cuándo?
- How? - ¿Cómo?
- How many? - ¿Cuántos?
- How much? - ¿Cuánto?
- Where? - ¿Dónde?
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I’m not ready yet
Todavía no estoy listo
not yet - todavía no. Do not confuse this with ya no, which means “not anymore”
