Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

OCR A A-Level Organic Chemistry > 28.3 Further Synthetic Routes > Flashcards

28.3 Further Synthetic Routes Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Chemistry 101 flashcards Periodic Table flashcards AP® Chemistry flashcards Organic Chemistry 101 flashcards
1
Q

What products can benzene react to form?

A
  • Nitrobenzene
  • Halobenzene
  • Alkylbenzene
  • Phenylketone
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Benzene to nitrobenzene. Reactants, conditions and mechanism if applicable.

A
  • Reactants: concentrated nitric acid and benzene
  • Conditions: concentrated sulfuric acid catalyst, 50°C
  • Mechanism: electrophilic substitution
  • HNO3 (conc) + H2SO4 (conc) -> NO2+ + HSO4- + H2O
  • C6H6 + NO2+ -> C6H5NO2 + H+
  • H+ + HSO4- -> H2SO4
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Benzene to bromobenzene. Reactants, conditions and mechanism if applicable.

A
  • Reactants: bromine and benzene
  • Conditions: halogen carrier catalyst
  • Mechanism: electrophilic substitution
  • Br2 + FeBr3 -> FeBr4- + Br+
  • C6H6 + Br+ -> C6H5Br + H+
  • H+ + FeBr4- -> FeBr3 + HBr
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Benzene to alkylbenzene. Reactants, conditions and mechanism if applicable.

A
  • Reactants: haloalkane and benzene
  • Conditions: halogen carrier catalyst
  • Mechanism: electrophilic substitution
  • Benzene + haloalkane -> alkyl benzene + hydrogen halide
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Benzene to phenylketone. Reactants, conditions and mechanism if applicable.

A
  • Reactants: acyl chloride and benzene
  • Conditions: iron (III) chloride/ aluminium chloride
  • Mechanism: electrophilic substitution
  • Benzene + acyl chloride -> phenylketone + hydrogen chloride
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What can phenol react to form?

A
  • 2,4,6-tribromophenol
  • Nitrophenol
  • Metal phenoxide
  • Ester
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Phenol to 2,4,6-tribromophenol. Reactants, conditions and mechanism if applicable. Give 2 extra details.

A
  • Reactants: phenol and bromine water
  • Conditions: room temperature, no catalyst
  • Mechanism: electrophilic substitution
  • C6H5OH + 3Br2 -> 2,4,6-tribromophenol + 3HBr
  • Bromine water is decolourised
  • A white precipitate (2,4,6-tribromophenol) is formed
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Phenol to nitrophenol. Reactants, conditions and mechanism if applicable. Give 1 extra detail.

A
  • Reactants: phenol and dilute nitric acid
  • Conditions: room temperature, no catalyst
  • Mechanism: electrophilic substitution
  • Phenol + dilute nitric acid -> 2-nitrophenol/ 4-nitrophenol + water
  • A mixture of 2-nitrophenol and 4-nitrophenol is formed
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Phenol to sodium phenoxide. Reactants, conditions and mechanism if applicable. Give 1 extra detail.

A
  • Reactants: phenol and sodium hydroxide
  • Conditions: room temperature, no catalyst
  • Products: sodium phenoxide and water
  • Neutralisation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Phenol to ester. Reactants, conditions and mechanism if applicable. Give 1 extra detail.

A
  • Reactants: phenol and acid anhydride/ acyl chloride
  • Conditions: room temperature, no catalyst
  • Products: ester and carboxylic acid/ hydrogen chloride
  • Carboxylic acids are not reactive enough to esterify phenol
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What can aldehydes react to form?

A
  • Carboxylic acids
  • Primary alcohols
  • Hydroxynitrile
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Aldehyde to carboxylic acid. Reactants, conditions and mechanism if applicable. Give 1 extra detail.

A
  • Reactants: aldehyde and [O]
  • Conditions: heat under reflux, K2Cr2O7/ H2SO4
  • Water is not formed as it was already formed in the step going from an alcohol to an aldehyde
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Aldehyde to primary alcohol. Reactants, conditions and mechanism if applicable.

A
  • Reactants: aldehyde and 2[H]
  • Conditions: NaBH4/ H2O
  • Mechanism: nucleophilic addition
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Aldehyde to hydroxynitrile. Reactants, conditions and mechanism if applicable.

A
  • Reactants: aldehyde and HCN
  • Conditions: NaCN/ H2SO4
  • Mechanism: nucleophilic addition
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What can ketones react to form?

A
  • Secondary alcohols
  • Hydroxynitrile
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Ketone to secondary alcohol. Reactants, conditions and mechanism if applicable.

A
  • Reactants: ketone and 2[H]
  • Conditions: NaBH4/ H2O
  • Mechanism: nucleophilic addition
17
Q

Ketone to hydroxynitrile. Reactants, conditions and mechanism if applicable.

A
  • Reactants: ketone and HCN
  • Conditions: NaCN/ H2SO4
  • Mechanism: nucleophilic addition
18
Q

What can carboxylic acids react to form?

A
  • Esters
  • Acid anhydrides
19
Q

Carboxylic acid to ester. Reactants, conditions and mechanism if applicable. Give 1 extra detail.

A
  • Reactants: carboxylic acid and alcohol
  • Conditions: H2SO4
  • This reaction is esterification
20
Q

Carboxylic acid to acid anhydride. Reactants, conditions and mechanism if applicable. Give 1 extra detail.

A
  • Products: 2 carboxylic acids
  • Conditions: room temperature, no catalyst
  • Products: acid anhydride and water
  • This reaction is reversible
21
Q

What can esters react to form?

A
  • Carboxylic acid
  • Carboxylate ion/ carboxylate salt
22
Q

Ester to carboxylic acid. Reactants, conditions and mechanism if applicable. Give 2 extra details.

A
  • Reactants: ester and water
  • Conditions: heat under reflux, aqueous H2SO4
  • Products: carboxylic acid and alcohol
  • This reaction is known as hydrolysis
  • It is reversible (esterification)
23
Q

Ester to carboxylate ion/ carboxylate salt. Reactants, conditions and mechanism if applicable. Give 3 extra details.

A
  • Reactants: ester and hydroxide ion/ NaOH
  • Conditions: heat under reflux ( and aqueous NaOH if making the carboxylate ion)
  • Products: carboxylate ion/ sodium carboxylate and alcohol
  • This reaction is known as hydrolysis
  • It is irreversible
24
Q

What can acyl chlorides react to form?

A
  • Esters
  • Carboxylic acids
  • Primary amides
  • Secondary amides
25
Q

Acyl chlorides to ester. Reactants, conditions and mechanism if applicable.

A
  • Reactants: acyl chloride and alcohol
  • Conditions: room temperature, no catalyst
  • Products: ester and hydrogen chloride
26
Q

Acyl chloride to carboxylic acid. Reactants, conditions and mechanism if applicable.

A
  • Reactants: acyl chloride and water
  • Conditions: room temperature, no catalyst
  • Products: carboxylic acid and hydrogen chloride
27
Q

Acyl chloride to primary amide. Reactants, conditions and mechanism if applicable.

A
  • Reactants: acyl chloride and excess ammonia
  • Conditions: room temperature, no catalyst
  • Products: primary amide and ammonium chloride
28
Q

Acyl chlorides to secondary amide. Reactants, conditions and mechanism if applicable.

A
  • Reactants: acyl chloride and primary amine
  • Conditions: room temperature, no catalyst
  • Products: secondary amide and alkyl ammonium (salt)
29
Q

What can acid anhydrides react to form?

A
  • Esters
  • Carboxylic acids
  • Primary amides
  • Secondary amides
30
Q

Acid anhydride to ester. Reactants, conditions and mechanism if applicable.

A
  • Reactants: acid anhydride and alcohol
  • Conditions: room temperature, no catalyst
  • Products: ester and carboxylic acid

OCR A A-Level Organic Chemistry (20 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions