Defintions Flashcards
1
Q
What are isotopes?
A
- Atoms of the same element which therefore have the same number of protons and electrons but a different number of neutrons
2
Q
What is relative isotopic mass?
A
- The mass of an isotope relative to 1/12th of the mass of an atom of carbon-12
3
Q
What is relative atomic mass?
A
- The weighted mean mass of an atom of an element relative to 1/12th of the mass of an atom of carbon-12
4
Q
What is ionic bonding?
A
- The electrostatic attraction between positive and negative ions
5
Q
What is an ionic lattice?
A
- A repeating pattern of oppositely charged ions
6
Q
What is covalent bonding?
A
- The strong electrostatic attraction between a shared pair of electrons and the nuclei of the bonded atoms
7
Q
What is electronegativity?
A
- The ability of a bonded atom to attract the bonding electrons in a covalent bond
8
Q
What is a hydrogen bond?
A
- A special type of permanent dipole-dipole interaction found between molecules containing:
- an electronegative atom (such as F, O and N) with a lone pair of electrons
- a hydrogen atom bonded to an electronegative atom
9
Q
What is a homologous series?
A
- A series of organic compounds with the same functional group but with each successive member differing by CH2
10
Q
What is an empirical formula?
A
- The simplest whole number ratio of atoms of each element present in a compound
11
Q
What are structural isomers?
A
- Compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural formulae
12
Q
What is homolytic fission?
A
- Each atom takes one of the electrons from the covalent bond, which causes the formation of 2 radicals
13
Q
What is a radical?
A
- A species with an unpaired electron
14
Q
What is heterolytic fission?
A
- When one of the atoms takes both electrons during the breaking of the covalent bond
15
Q
What is a curly arrow?
A
- The movement of an electron pair, showing either:
- the formation of a covalent bond
- heterolytic fission
16
Q
What are stereoisomers?
A
- Compounds with the same structural formula but with a different arrangement in space
17
Q
What is E/Z isomerism?
A
- A type of stereoisomerism in which different groups attached to each carbon of a C=C double bond may be arranged differently in space because of the restricted rotation of the C=C bond
18
Q
What is cis-trans isomerism?
A
- A type of E/Z isomerism where there are 2 non-hydrogen groups and 2 hydrogen atoms around the carbon-carbon double bond
19
Q
What is an electrophile?
A
- An electron pair acceptor
- (They’re usually a positive ion or a molecule containing an atom with a partial positive charge)
20
Q
What is a nucleophile?
A
- An electron pair donor
21
Q
What are optical isomers?
A
- Non-superimposable mirror images
