282 Topic 2 Flashcards
Learning
-An enduring or durable (long term) change in behavior or mental processes due to experience
-Relatively permanent
-Causes a physical change in behavior
-Occurs due to interactions with the environment
Innate
-Something inborn/naturally occurring
Reflex
-Stimulus response relationship which is either learned or innate and indicates that behavior that happens automatically
-Reflex arc = unlearned (innate)
Elicited behavior
-Occurs in response to environmental stimuli
-Reflex arcs
-Modal Action patterns
-Behavioral sequences
-Can contribute to survival and well being
Modal Action Patterns (MAP)/ Fixed action patterns
-Species-typical response patterns or “instincts” that are genetically programmed
-Rather than single actions, a sequence of behaviors
-Often associated with fitness-related tasks/events
eg) goose and egg rolling
Eliciting stimuli
-Which stimulus initiates the modal action pattern
Sign stimulus/ Releasing stimulus
Features necessary to elicit response
Supernormal stimulus
Exaggerated sign stimulus that elicits more vigorous response
Event-alone learning
Habituation and sensitization
Event-event learning
-Classical (Pavlovian) conditioning
-2 events/2 stimuli
Behavior-event learning
Instrumental (operant) conditioning
Social learning
-Observational learning
-watching how someone reacts to something can give you a guideline of how you should react
Habituation
-Process by which we respond less strongly over time to repeated stimuli
-highly specific to the stimuli to the stimulus producing it
-Not habituation: Sensory adaption and fatigue
Sensory adaption
Reduction in sensitivity of the sense organs causes by repeated stimuli
Fatigue
Decrease in behavior due to repeated or excess use of muscles
Sensitization
-Increase in the strength of a response to a repeated stimulus
-Can result from repeated presentations of a stimulus or by arousal from extraneous stimuli
-Eg) Being tense will cause you to have a bigger reaction to something
Visual attention in infants
Infants fixated longer on complex stimuli rather than simple stimuli across trials
Adaptive value for habituation
-Reduced responding to things constant in your environment
-Attention drawn to new things (new things would be a threat)
-We habituate when we are safe to conserve energy
Adaptive value in sensitization
-Increased responsiveness to things in distracting environment
-Ready for danger
-uses more energy
Classical conditioning/Respondent conditioning/Pavlovian conditioning
-Form of learning in which a neutral stimulus comes to signal with the occurrence of a second stimulus
-Behaviors are elicited (brought about by) antecedent stimuli
-Conditioning process involves manipulation of antecedent stimuli
Stimulus
-Anything in the environment that we can detect, is measurable and can evoke a response to behavior
-Elicits behavior
Association
Relationship between two stimuli
Acquisition
Time while an association is being learned
Unconditioned stimulus (US)
-Biologically significant stimulus that already has a response associated with it
-Innate, something that we do not have to learn
-
Unconditioned response (UR)
-Response naturally associated with the unconditioned stimulus
-UR occurs due to the US
Neutral stimulus (NS)
-A stimulus that does not naturally elicit a response
-Neutral Stimulus (NS) pairs with unconditioned stimulus (US) and the NS becomes the Conditioned stimulus (CS)
Conditioned stimulus (CS)
-Previously neutral stimulus (NS) that comes to elicit a conditioned response (CR)
Conditioned response (CR)
Learned response to an environmental stimulus (CS)
Thorndike Law of effect
“If a response, in the presence of a stimulus, is followed by a satisfying state of affairs, the bond between stimulus and response will be strengthened”
-Satisfaction = stamping in
-Discomfort = Stamping out
Operant (instrumental) conditioning
-Learning that is controlled by the consequences of the organisms behavior
-Antecedent, Behavior, Consequence
Antecedent
Something detectable in the environment that set the occasion to respond
Behavior
Activity that can be repeated, measure and has an impact on the environment
Consequence
Stimuli that can increase of decrease the probability of the future behavior
Reinforcement
-Can be positive or negative
-Increases the frequency of a desirable behavior
Positive reinforcement
Adding something good that reinforces the behavior to continue
Negative reinforcement
Taking away something bad to make the situation more pleasant
Punishment
-Can be positive or negative
-Decreases the frequency of undesirable behavior
Positive punishment
Adding something bad to discourage a behavior
Negative punishment
Taking away something good to discourage a behavior
Operant behaviors
Controlled by their consequences
Operant conditioning
Involves the manipulation of consequences
Classical behavior
Controlled (elicited) by antecedent stimuli
Classical conditioning
Involves the manipulation of antecedent stimuli
Social/Observational learning
-We understand what to do through watching others
-Vicarious conditioning
Vicarious conditioning
