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601 - Exam 1 > 2.8 Diabetes & Cancer > Flashcards

2.8 Diabetes & Cancer Flashcards

1
Q

Type 1 or 2 is the most common type of diabetes?

A

Type 2

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2
Q

Define diabetes

A

A metabolic disease in which the body’s inability to produce any or enough insulin causes elevated levels of glucose in the blood

  • level of sugar’s too high in the blood stream
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3
Q

What are signs of diabetes?

A

Polyuria (excessive urination)
Polydipsia (excessive drinking)
Polyphagia (excessive eating)

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4
Q

Describe type 1 diabetes

A
  • Also called juvenile diabetes
  • In children and young adults
  • Bodies own immune system destroys insulin in pancreas
  • Beta cells in pancreas become inactive
  • Not preventable
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5
Q

Causes of type 1 diabetes

A

Predisposition to diabetes
Genetics
Something in environment

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6
Q

In type 1 diabetes, does the body produce insulin?

A

No

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7
Q

Describe type 2 diabetes

A
  • Most common form
  • also called adult onset diabetes, or non-insulin dependent diabetes
  • People have small amount of insulin or non-working insulin in body (can’t use insulin properly)
  • Can develop at any age
  • Can be prevented
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8
Q

Risk factors of diabetes

A
  • Genetics
  • Family history
  • Racial background
  • Age
  • Environmental factors (inactivity or weight gain)
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9
Q

Normal blood sugar levels

A

70-140

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10
Q

Prediabetes blood sugar level

A

141-200

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11
Q

Diabetes blood sugar level

A

200 and above

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12
Q

Hyperglygemia

A

Elevated sugar level’s in blood

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13
Q

Periodontitis and diabetes steps for hyperglygemia

A

Hyperglygemia –> AGE (advanced glycation end products) –> RAGE (receptor for advanced glycation end product) in PMN, macrophages, and monocytes –> increase in IL1-beta and TNF-alpha

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14
Q

Define hemoglobin A1C

A

Measurement of stable hemoglobin complex in bloodstream

  • Gives the big picture
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15
Q

Describe glycated hemoglobin (A1C)

A
  • A form of hemoglobin that’s covalently bound to glucose

- Hemoglobin is exposed to glucose in blood and bound together

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16
Q

Describe HbA1C test

A

Determines the 3 month average blood sugar level

  • In diabetes, higher amounts of glycated hemoglobin indicate poorer control of blood glucose levels
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17
Q

HbA1c test results for diabetics should at at ___%

A

7%

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18
Q

Normal and prediabetic HbA1C percentage

A 
Normal = <5.7%
Prediabetic = 5.7-6.4%
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19
Q

Define advanced glycation end products (AGEs)

A

Proteins or lipids that become glycated as a result of exposure to sugars

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20
Q

Higher levels of ___ are found in vegetarians

A

AGEs

21
Q

What happens when AGEs bind to RAGE?

A

Causes oxidative stress and activation of inflammatory pathways in vascular endothelial cells

  • Leads to periodontitis
22
Q

What are the complications for uncontrolled diabetes?

A

Foot lesions, nephropathy, retinopathy, stroke, cardiovascular disease, and periodontitis

23
Q

Cancers most commonly diagnosed in men

A

Prostate
Lung/bronchus
Colon/rectum

24
Q

Most common cancers diagnosed in women

A

Breast
Lung/bronchus
Colon/rectum

25
Q

Is there a meaningful association between diabetes and cancer incidence or prognosis?

A

Yes, but NOT to prostate cancer

  • Positive association between diabetes and pancreatic cancer risk
26
Q

What are the nonmodifiable risk factors common to both diabetes and cancer?

A

Age
Sex
Race/ethnicity

27
Q

Cancer and diabetes occurs more commonly in men or women?

A

Men

28
Q

What race/ethnicity is more likely to die from cancer?

A

African Americans

29
Q

What modifiable risk factors are common to both diabetes and cancer?

A 
Overweight/obesity/weight change
Physical activity
Tobacco smoking and cancer
Tobacco smoking and diabetes
Alcohol
Sugar drinks
30
Q

What cancer’s are associated with overweight and obesity?

A 
Breast
Colon/rectum
Endometrium
Pancreas
Adenocarcinoma
31
Q

There is a strong association between obesity and both insulin resistance and type ___ diabetes incidence

A

2

32
Q

Physical activities is associated with

A

Lower levels of cancer and diabetes if you maintain activity

33
Q

Tobacco smoking and cancer accounts for what types of cancer deaths?

A

Trachea, bronchus and lung

34
Q

Smoking is an ___ risk factor for diabetes

A

Independent

35
Q

Alcohol increases the incidence of what types of cancers?

A

Oral cavity, pharynx, larynx, esophagus, liver, colon/rectum, and female breast

36
Q

What are the possible biologic links between diabetes and cancer risk?

A 
Malignant transformation
Insulin/IGF axis
Effect of hyperinsulinemia on other hormones
Inflammatory cytokines
Hyperglycemia
37
Q

What are malignant transformation steps?

A
  1. Initiation
  2. Promotion (stimulation of growth of initiated cells)
  3. Progression (development of a more aggressive phenotype of promoted cells)
38
Q

Describe insulin/IGF axis

A

They form a complex network of cell surface receptors that mediate IGF responses

  • Interferes with cell’s ability to interact with other cells
39
Q

What are the effects of hyperinsulinemia on other hormones

A
  • Increased levels of testosterone in women
  • Increased levels of estrogen in men and women
  • Reduction in hepatic synthesis and blood levels of sex hormone binding globulin
40
Q

Define hyperglycemia

A

High levels of blood sugar can lead to cancer proliferation

41
Q

Types of diabetes treatments

A

Metformin
Thiazolidenediones
Insulin and insulin analogs

42
Q

Describe metformin

A
  • Most common prescribed initial or combination therapy for diabetics
  • Inhibits cell proliferation, reduce colony formation, causes partial arrest in cancer cell lines
43
Q

Describe thiazolidenediones

A
  • an oral drug used to control blood sugar
44
Q

Describe insulin and insulin analogs

A
  • In patients that have high insulin levels

- The insulin receptor is present on neoplastic cells and may influence neoplastic behavior

45
Q

The association between diabetes and cancer may partly be due to shared ___

A

risk factors

46
Q

Possible mechanisms for the ___ of diabetes and cancer include hyperinsulinemia, hyperglycemia, and inflammation

A

Direct link

47
Q

What diabetes treatment is associated with reduced risk of cancer?

A

Metformin

48
Q

What diabetes treatment is associated with higher risk of cancer?

A

Exogenous

601 - Exam 1 (10 decks)

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