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601 - Exam 1 > 1.15 Blood > Flashcards

1.15 Blood Flashcards

1
Q

What’re the 3 types of blood functions?

A

Transport
Regulation
Protection/defense

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2
Q

What does the blood transport?

A

Gases, nutrients, waste products, hormones

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3
Q

What does the blood regulate?

A

Body temperature, acid/base, and osmotic pressure

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4
Q

What does the blood protect/defend?

A

Clotting and immunity

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5
Q

What are the specialized connective tissue?

A

Cells
Ground substance
Fibers

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6
Q

What is most abundant in the blood?

A

Platelets

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7
Q

What is the least abundant in the blood?

A

WBC

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8
Q

Define hematocrit

A

% of RBC in whole blood

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9
Q

Describe erythrocytes

A
  • Have no nucleus
  • Have a bioconcave disc (b/c lacks nucleus)
  • Capable of being reshaped (deformable)
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10
Q

What is the function of erythrocytes?

A

Transport of respiratory gases

- Gases bind to hemoglobin

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11
Q

Due to the bioconcave shape of erythrocytes, it allows for ___ binding area

A

Increased

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12
Q

Another name for agglutinogens

A

antigen

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13
Q

Another name for agglutinins

A

Antibody

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14
Q

What is the most abundant WBC?

A

Neutrophil

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15
Q

What is the least abundant WBC?

A

Basophil

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16
Q

What are the types of granulocytes?

A

Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils

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17
Q

Granulocytes and agranulocytes are a type of what

A

Leukocyte (WBC)

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18
Q

What are the types of agranulocytes?

A

Lymphocytes

Monocytes

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19
Q

What are the classifications of leukocytes?

A
  • Presence or absence of specific cytoplasmic granules
  • Staining characteristics of granules
  • Nuclear morphology
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20
Q

What are the types of staining characteristics of granules?

A

Blue, pink, and pale

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21
Q

What are the types of nuclear morphology in leukocytes?

A

Segmented, indented, bilobed

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22
Q

Granulocytes and agranulocytes function ___ the blood vessels.

A

Outside

23
Q

Describe neutrophils

A
  • A type of granulocytes
  • Polymorphonuclear (has nucleus with several lobes and a cytoplasm with granules)
  • Segmented nucleus (has many lobes)
24
Q

In neutrophils, polymorphonuclear’s with >5 lobes are called what

A

Hypersegmented

old cells or old neutrophils

25
Q

What can affect the morphology of neutrophils?

A

Age and sex

26
Q

What are the types of granules within neutrophils?

A

Specific granules
Non-specific granules
2 types of tertiary granules

27
Q

Describe specific granules in neutrophils

A
  • Most abundant
  • Stain light blue to violet
  • Smallest of the 3 granules
28
Q

Describe non-specific granules in neutrophils

A
  • Larger than specific granules
  • Azurophilic granules = primary lysosomes
  • Contain enzymes and pharmacologic agents for killing and digesting micro-orgs
29
Q

Describe 2 types of tertiary glands in neutrophils

A
  • Phosphasomes contain phosphatases

- Granules containing metalloproteinases to facilitate neutrophil movement through CT

30
Q

What type of granulocyte is the first to leave circulation and enter CT when damage occurs?

A

Neutrophils

31
Q

What is the function of neutrophils?

A
  • Phagocytose foreign material
  • Major component of pus
  • Fuses with specific and azurophilic granules
32
Q

Describe eosinophils

A

Bilobed nucleus

Specific granules

  • Stain red to orange
  • Large granules
  • Mask a portion of the nucleus
33
Q

Describe specific granules in eosinophils

A
  • Crystalline core (functions in killing parasitic worms)

- Externum (less dense matrix surrounding core)

34
Q

Function of eosinophils

A
  • Monitor CT beneath the epithelial of lung, gut, uterus, and vagina for parasitic invasion
  • Kill parasitic worms
  • Modulate inflammation by phagocytosis of Ag-Ab complexes
35
Q

Describe basophils

A

Lobated nucleus (segmented into 2 or more connected lobes)

Specific granules

  • stain dark blue to purple
  • Size varies
36
Q

Function of basophils

A
  • May supplement function of CT mast cell

- Vasoactive substances cause vascular dilation and increased permeability

37
Q

Describe lymphocytes

A
  • Round, dark-staining nucleus
  • Light blue cytoplasm
  • Variable life span
  • Only leukocyte that returns to blood from CT
38
Q

Is the nuclear/cytoplasmic ratio higher in lymphocytes or monocytes?

A

Lymphocytes

39
Q

Functions of lymphocytes

A

Mediate the immune response

40
Q

What are the types of lymphocytes?

A

T cells, B cells, NK cells

41
Q

Describe monocytes

A
  • Kidney shaped nucleus
  • Gray-blue cytoplasm, light purple nucleus
  • Precursor for macrophages
42
Q

Function of monocytes

A
  • Precursor to macrophages

- Antigen presentation in the immune system

43
Q

Describe thrombocytes (platelets)

A
  • Less than 14 day lifespan
  • Not a cell
  • No nucleus
  • Marginal bundles of microtubules maintain shape
  • Open canalicular system
  • Contains 2 regions: granulomere and hyalomere
44
Q

Describe the granulomere in platelets

A

Central, dark stained region containing purple granules

45
Q

Describe hyalomere in platelets

A

Peripheral, light blue staining region

46
Q

Function of platelets

A

Stop bleeding by forming a clot

47
Q

Steps for blood clot formation

A
  1. Primary aggregation forms platelet plug at the cut
  2. Induce secondary aggregation by release of adhesive glycoprotein and ADP
  3. Blood coagulation
  4. Clot retraction from vessel lumen
  5. Clot removal
48
Q

Define hemopoiesis and where does it occur?

A

Formation of blood cells

Prenatal location - liver, spleen, bone marrow, thymus
Postnatal - red bone marrow

49
Q

Lymphoids give rise to

A

T and B cells

50
Q

Myeloid cells give rise to

A

Erythrocytes
Monocytes
Granulocytes
Megakaryocytes

51
Q

What are the steps for erythropoiesis

A
  1. You have a large cell with a nucleus
  2. Polyribosomes synthesize hemoglobin, nucleus condenses, no nucleolus (basophilic)
  3. Cytoplasm contains mixture of polyribosomes and hemoglobin (Polychromatophilic)
  4. Cytoplasm is packed with hemoglobin, removes nucleus (Orthochromatophilic)
  5. Residual polyribosomes stain with cresyl blue (Reticulocyte)
  6. Mature erythrocyte
52
Q

What are the steps for granulopoiesis?

A

Steps to produce a granulocyte?

  1. Myeoblast (has no granules)
  2. Promyelocyte (first azurophilic granules)
  3. Myelocyte (initial secretion of granules)
  4. Metamyelocyte (abundant specific granules, and few azurophilic granules)
  5. Band/stab cell/neutrophil
  6. Mature neutrophil, eosinophil, and basophil
53
Q

Steps to produce platelets (called thrombopoiesis)

A
  1. Megakaryoblast
  2. Megakaryotype (Demarcation membranes form)
  3. Platelets
54
Q

What properties do mast cells and basophils have in common?

A

Secrete heparin and histamine

601 - Exam 1 (10 decks)

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