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Biology Unit 2 > 2.7 > Flashcards

2.7 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is genetic material called?

A

DNA

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2
Q

What structure has DNA got?

A

Double helix

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3
Q

What is found on the DNA?

A

Genes.

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4
Q

What is a gene? What does it control?

A

Small section of DNA

Controls your features

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5
Q

What does a gene do ?

A

Encodes the amino acids in protein

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6
Q

What is chromosome?

A

Short section of DNA

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7
Q

What do chromosomes contain?

A

Genes

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8
Q

How many pairs of chromosomes do human cells have?

A

23

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9
Q

How many copies of each gene do we have ?

A

2

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10
Q

What is an allele?

A

Different versions of the same gene

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11
Q

Where are chromosomes found in the human cells?

A

Nucleus

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12
Q

What happens during the first stage of mitosis?

A

Cells are copied

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13
Q

What happens in the second stage of mitosis?

A

Cells are split into 2 identical cells

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14
Q

When does mitosis happen?

A

During growth
Repairing cells
Asexual reproduction

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15
Q

What are gametes? Where are they found?

A

Sex cells

Sperm cells (testes)
Egg cell (ovaries)
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16
Q

How many chromosomes are in gametes?

A

23 single chromosomes

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17
Q

What is the first step of meiosis?

A

Chromosomes are copied

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18
Q

What happens in the second stage of meiosis?

A

The cell splits into two

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19
Q

What happens in the third stage of meiosis?

A

The split cells split again

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20
Q

How many cells are produced during meiosis?

A

4

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21
Q

How many cells are produced in mitosis?

A

2

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22
Q

What are the newly formed cells made by mitosis like, in terms of their parents?

A

Genetically identical

23
Q

Describe the prices of mitosis.

A 
Parent cell
Chromosomes make identical copies
Line up song centre
Spindle fibres separate them
Two daughter cells form - identical
24
Q

What are the stages of meiosis?

A 
Parent cell
Chromosomes copy
Similar chromosomes pair up
DNA gets swapped
Chromosomes divide
Chromosomes divide again
25
Q

What is the process of fertilisation?

A

Fusion of male and female gametes
New cell divides constantly by mitosis
Creates many cells
Creates baby

26
Q

How are gametes made?

A

Meiosis

27
Q

What is a stem cell?

A

Cells that can change into any type of cell

Stem cells are undifferentiated but can differentiate into any specialised cell

28
Q

Where can we find stem cells?

A

Embryos

Bone marrow

29
Q

What does differentiation mean?

A

Cells specialise

30
Q

What can stem cells be used to treat?

A

Disease such as paralysis

31
Q

What are the ethical issues of stem cells?

A

Embryonic- killing human embryo

32
Q

Why does asexual production lead to offspring having same alleles as its parent?

A

Same/ identical cells as only one parent

33
Q

How are your chromosome pairs made up? Of what?

A

1 from mother

1 from father

34
Q

How many copies of each gene do we have ?

A

2

35
Q

How are dominant alleles shown?

A

Capital letter

36
Q

How are recessive alleles shown?

A

Lowercase letter

37
Q

What’s the difference between dominant and recessive alleles?

A

Dominant control features when there is one allele

Recessive controls if they are both recessive alleles

38
Q

What does genotype mean?

A

The alleles present

39
Q

What is meant by phenotype?

A

The features that alleles produce

40
Q

What does homozygous mean?

A

Both alleles are the same

41
Q

What does heterozygous mean?

A

Alleles are different

42
Q

How does DNA fingerprinting identify people?

A

Everyone’s DNA is different (unique)

43
Q

How do people get genetic disorders?

A

Inherited from parents

44
Q

How are genetic disorders caused?

A

Faulty alleles

45
Q

What is meant genetic disorders being carried?

A

Recessive alleles carry the disorder

46
Q

What is polydactyly? How is it caused?

A

Inherited extra fingers or toes caused by dominant alleles

47
Q

Why can polydactyly not be carried?

A

It’s a dominant allele

48
Q

What does cystic fibrosis (CF) cause?

A

Defective cell membrane

Lung damage

49
Q

How is CF caused?

A

Recessive allele -carried

50
Q

How are some people the carrier of CF but don’t have the disorder?

A

If the parents each have a heterozygous allele pair then The child will only be a carrier cause they don’t have 2 recessive alleles

51
Q

How is embryo screening (or PIGD) carried out?

A

Sperm and egg mixed -fertilised
Fertilised egg develop into embryo (8 cells)
One cell is removed and analysed for CF allele
Health embryo planted into uterus

52
Q

What is an alternative to embryo screening?

A

Placenta taken from pregnant woman

If defective allele found it is aborted

53
Q

What are the pros of embryo screening ?

A

No abortion needed

Less miscarriage

54
Q

What are the cons of embryo screening?

A

Expensive
Healthy left over embryos destroyed
Against religious belief

Biology Unit 2 (8 decks)

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