2.7

Question 1

what are the four uses of genetic testing?

Answer 1

to confirm a diagnosis, to identify carriers, for testing embryos and testing before implantation

Question 2

what is the most common fetal testing method and what does it involve?

Answer 2

amniocentesis, a needle is inserted into the amniotic fluid to collect fetal cells

Question 3

name all three techniques for testing embryos

Answer 3

amniocentesis, chorionic villus sampling (CVS) and noninvasive prenatal diagnosis (NIPD)

Question 4

What does CVS involve?

Answer 4

a small sample of placental tissue is removed, either through the wall of the abdomen or through the vagina

Question 5

what is a pro and con of CVS compared to amniocentesis?

Answer 5

Can be done earlier on in the pregnancy but carries a slightly higher risk of miscarriage

Question 6

what does NIPD involve?

Answer 6

analyses DNA fragments in the mothers blood plasma during pregnancy

Question 7

what is the test before implantation called?

Answer 7

pre-implantation genetic diagnosis (PGD)

Question 8

what does PGD invlolve?

Answer 8

cells from an early embryo can be removed, the DNA of the cell is analysed and screened

Question 9

what is a pro and con of PGD?

Answer 9

the embryo isn’t harmed but IVF is expensive and stressful

Question 10

what are the four ethical frameworks?

Answer 10

1) rights and duties
2) maximising the amount of good in the world
3) making decisions for yourself
4) leading a virtuous life