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Bio Topic 2 - Genes and health > 2.4 > Flashcards

2.4 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Who proposed a model for the structure of DNA and when?

A

James Watson and Francis Crick in 1953

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2
Q

What does DNA contain?

A

The genetic code that dictates all the inherited characteristics of an organism

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3
Q

What is a gene?

A

a sequence of bases on a DNA molecule that codes for a sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain

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4
Q

What is a genome?

A

All the genes in an individual (or species)

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5
Q

What are the units that make up the polymer DNA?

A

(mono)nucleotides

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6
Q

What are the three molecules in a nucleotide?

A

deoxyribose, a phosphate group and an organic base containing nitrogen

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7
Q

what is the reaction between the three molecules in a nucleotide?

A

condensation reactions

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8
Q

What is the only part of the nucleotide that is variable?

A

the nitrogen containing base

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9
Q

what are the four different bases?

A

adenine, cytosine, guanine and thymine

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10
Q

what is the bond between nucleotides?

A

a phosphodiester bond

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11
Q

What is the structure of DNA called?

A

a double helix

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12
Q

what is considered the ‘backbone’ of the double helix?

A

sugars and phosphates

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13
Q

what holds the bases in place in DNA?

A

hydrogen bonds

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14
Q

How are the two nucleotide strands described and why?

A

antiparallel as they run in opposite directions

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15
Q

What is the structure bases A and G have?

A

a two ring structure

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16
Q

what is the structure bases C and T have?

A

one ring structure

17
Q

What forms each rung of the DNA molecule?

A

the three rings from the bases

18
Q

How many hydrogen bonds to A and T forms

A

two

19
Q

how many hydrogen bonds do C and G form?

A

three

20
Q

what is the first stage of protein synthesis?

A

transcription

21
Q

What is the ‘copy’ of the required gene made from?

A

ribonucleic acid (RNA)

22
Q

What are the structural differences for RNA compared to DNA?

A
  • Rna is single stranded
  • Rna nucleotides contain ribose
  • Rna nucleotides replace thymine with uracil
23
Q

what is the Rna made is the nucleus called?

A

messenger RNA (mRNA)

24
Q

What does RNA polymerase do during transcription?

A

it attaches to the DNA and allows the DNA molecule to unwind by breaking the hydrogen bonds between bases

25
Q

What is the template strand?

A

the strand used by the mRNA to get the desired sequence

26
Q

What bonds form to produce an mRNA molecule?

A

phosphodiester bonds

27
Q

How does the mRNA leave the nucleus?

A

Through the nuclear envelope

28
Q

What is the sense strand?

A

the DNA coding strand

29
Q

what is the antisense strand?

A

the template strand

30
Q

what is the main objective of translation?

A

turning the sequence of bases in the genetic code into a sequence of amino acids

31
Q

how many bases makes the code carried by DNA?

A

three

32
Q

how many triplets codes are start and stop codes?

A
  • one triplet start code
  • three triplet stop codes
33
Q

what do triplet codes give rise to on mRNA?

A

a complementary codon

34
Q

what does the larger subunit of a ribosome contain?

A

two tRNA binding sites

35
Q

what is an anticodon?

A

a three based sequence at one end of the tRNA

36
Q

what is the anticodon sequence complementary to?

A

the mRNA codon for a particular amino acid

37
Q

what bonds form between amino acids?

A

peptide bonds

38
Q

what is the reaction between two amino acids?

A

a condensation reaction between the amine group of an amino acid and the carboxylic group of another

39
Q

what is the sequences of the three stop codons?

A

UAA
UAG
UGA

Bio Topic 2 - Genes and health (7 decks)

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