2.6b the need for transport in animals Flashcards
What does blood do?
allows substances to travel around the body
Give examples of substances that are transported in the blood
- oxygen
- nutrients
- carbon dioxide
What do red blood cells do?
transport oxygen around the body
How do red blood cells transport oxygen around the body?
they contain a substance called haemoglobin that when in contact with oxygen becomes oxy-haemoglibin
How does the shape of red blood cells make them efficient at carrying oxygen?
- biconcave shape
- increases the surface area allowing them to pick up oxygen by diffusion much faster
How are white blood cells carried around the body?
in the blood
what are white blood cells?
They are part of the immune system and they help the body fight infection and diseases
What is the role of phagocytes in fighting pathogens?
they are non-specific immune cells which can engulf and digest pathogens in a process called phagocytosis
Whats is the role of lymphocytes in fighting pathogens?
They produce proteins called antibodies that are specific to a foreign antigen (antibodies have a complimentary shape to the pathogen).
The antibodies target the cells for destruction.
The antibodies then bind to the pathogen to destroy it.
some antibodies remain in the body after the infection has gone which means you fight the infection off more quickly in the future. This makes you immune
Describe the structure of arteries
- thick muscular walls
- narrow central channel
- carry blood under high pressure
Describe the structure of veins
- thin walls
- wide central channel
- carry blood under low pressure
- contains valves to prevent the back flow of blood
Describe the structure of capillaries
- form networks at organs and tissues
- thin walled - they are only one cell thick
- large surface area allowing exchange of materials between blood and body cells
where is the right atrium located on a diagram of the heart?
top left
where is the right ventricle located on a diagram of the heart?
bottom left
where is the left atrium located on a diagram of the heart?
top right
where is the left ventricle located on a diagram of the heart?
bottom right
Where is the vena cava located on a diagram of the heart and is it a vein or an artery?
top left leading into the right atrium. it is a vein
Where is the pulmonary artery located on a diagram of the heart and is it a vein or an artery?
top left leading out of the right ventricle. it is an artery
where is the pulmonary vein located on a diagram of the heart and is it a vein or an artery?
top right leading into the left atrium. it is a vein.
where is the aorta located on a diagram of the heart and is it a vein or an artery?
top right leading out of the left ventricle. it is an artery
what are coronary arteries?
arteries that supply the heart muscle with blood
describe the flow of blood around the body and the heart
oxygenated blood returns form the lungs -in the pulmonary vein -enters the left atrium -into the left ventricle -out through the aorta -to the body deoxygenated blood returns for the body tissues -in the vena cava -enters the right atrium -into the right ventricle -out through the pulmonary artery -to the lungs where it picks up oxygen
describe the flow of oxygenated blood around the body and the heart
oxygenated blood returns form the lungs
- in the pulmonary vein
- enters the left atrium
- into the left ventricle
- out through the aorta
- to the body
describe the flow of deoxygenated blood around the body and heart
deoxygenated blood returns from the body tissues
- in the vena cava
- enters the right atrium
- into the right ventricle
- out through the pulmonary article
- to the lungs where it picks up oxygen
What is the role of the immune system?
to identify cells/ viruses that are not part of the body and destroy them
What is an antigen?
a molecule that is present in all cells, it identifies which cells belong to an individual. Any cells with the wrong antigen will be destroyed
Which blood vessels carry blood away from the heart?
arteries
Which blood vessels carry blood into the heart?
veins
Which blood vessels carry blood to and from the bodies cells?
capilleries
What is the purpose of valves?
to prevent the back flow of blood.
Name the substances transported in the blood and their transport route
- nutrients-small intestine to all cells
- nitrogenous wastes-all cells to kidneys
- oxygen-lungs to all cells
- carbon dioxide-all cells to lungs
- hormones-glands to target organs
What is blood made up of?
- plasma
- red blood cells
- white blood cells
- platelets
Which type of white blood cell has the smallest nucleus?
phagocyte
Which type of blood cell has the largest nucleus?
lymphocyte
What colour is oxygenated blood?
bright red
What colour is deoxygenated blood?
dark red
What is the word equation for the change of oxygenated to deoxygenated haemoglobin?
in the lungs
Haemoglobin + oxygen —————->oxy-haemoglobin
How do phagocytes “digest” pathogens?
- the cytoplasm of the phagocyte flows around the pathogens
- the pathogens are engulfed into a vacuole inside the phagocyte
- the phagocyte releases enzymes which digest the pathogens
