26: Immune System

Question 1

What are the 4 lymphatic organs of the immune system?

Answer 1

1. Red bone marrow
2. Thymus gland
3. Lymph nodes
4. Spleen

Question 2

What are the 2 specialized lymphatic tissues?

Answer 2

1. Tonsils
2. Appendix

Question 3

What are antigens?

Answer 3

• proteins that are foreign to the organism.

Question 4

What are antibodies?

Answer 4

specialized proteins produced by an organism that bind to specific antigens

Question 5

What are lymphocytes?

Answer 5

category of immunocells that protect the body.

Question 6

What does red bone marrow produce?

Answer 6

lymphocytes

• B lymphocytes, also called B cells
• T lymphocytes, also called T cells

Question 7

What do lymph nodes do?

Answer 7

filter the lymphatic fluid to remove antigens and pathogens.

Question 8

How are Antigens and pathogens removed?

Answer 8

phagocytic macrophages

Question 9

What areas of the spleen contribute to immunity?

How?

Answer 9

• Red pulp: filters pathogens and debris with the help of macrophages
• White pulp: contains lymphocytes that fight pathogens and cancer

Question 10

What are the 3 nonpsecific defenses that protect the body from infection?

Answer 10

1. Barriers to entry
2. The inflammatory response
3. Natural killer cells

Question 11

What are the 2 barriers that prevent entry of pathogens?

Answer 11

1. skin
2. mucous membranes

Question 12

What are the body’s inflammatory responses to damage?

Answer 12

• Reddening
• increase in temperature
• Swelling
• Pain

Question 13

What do mast cells do?

Answer 13

release chemicals such as histamine to increase the blood flow through the capillaries.

• increased blood flow contributes to the redness, swelling, and warmth
• Because of the swelling, nerve receptors are triggered to create the sensation of pain

Question 14

What are neutrophils? What do they do?

Answer 14

• phagocytic white blood cells
• migrate to the site of injury.

Question 15

What are the roles of macrophages?

Answer 15

• phagocytic.
• release chemicals that trigger white blood cell production in the red marrow

Question 16

What are natural kiler cells?

Answer 16

non-specific lymphocytes that kill virus-infected and cancerous cells.

• kills cells that lack surface proteins identifying them as “self”

Question 17

What do plasma cells do?

Answer 17

mass produce antibodies for the antigen

• antibodies are released into the bloodstream to help the body identify the antigen within the body

Question 18

What do memory B cells do?

Where are they stored?

Answer 18

• allow the body to mount an immune response more quickly if the antigen is perceived again
• retained within the body for an extended period of time

Question 19

What does a vaccine do?

Answer 19

promotes an active immune response and the formation of memory B cells

• prepares the body to respond quickly if the disease is perceived again

Question 20

What are allergies?

Answer 20

hypersensitive response to antigens called allergens

Question 21

when does an immediate allergic response occur?

What does it involve?

Answer 21

• within seconds of exposure to an allergen and may be life-threatening
• involves the release of histamine from mast cells

Question 22

When does autoimmune diseases occur?

Answer 22

when cytotoxic T cells attack the body’s own cells