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Bio 11: Lecture Final > 24: Digestive Sytem > Flashcards

24: Digestive Sytem Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 4 functions of the digestive system?

A
  1. Ingests food
  2. Breaks down food into smaller molecules
  3. Absorbs nutrients in molecules
  4. Eliminates indigestible waste
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2
Q

Where does the digestive tract begin?

how does this organ break down food?

A
  • mouth
  • teeth tear and grind food
  • salivary glands release the enzyme amylase to degrade carbohydrates
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3
Q

What is the passage the digestive and respiratory system share?

A

pharynx

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4
Q

Flow of food

A
  1. mouth
  2. pharynx
  3. esophagus
  4. stomach
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5
Q

What is peristalis?

A

rhythmic contractions of the esophagus that moves food to the stomach

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6
Q

Where are proteins and food digested?

A

stomach

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7
Q

How does the stomach digest proteins?

A

low pH of the stomach and the presence of the enzyme pepsin accomplish the digestion of proteins

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8
Q

What regulates the digestion of food into the intestine?

A

sphincter

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9
Q

What is chyme?

A

digested food material the exits the stomach and enters the small intestine

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10
Q

What are the 2 functions of the small intestine?

A
  1. Additional digestion of food material
  2. Absorption of nutrients
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11
Q

What are the organs that assist the small intestine?

A
  1. Liver
  2. Gallbladder
  3. Pancreas
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12
Q

What does the liver produce?

What does it do?

A
  • bile
  • emulsify fats for digestion and absorption.
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13
Q

Where is excess bile stored?

A

gall bladder

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14
Q

What does the pancreas produce?

A

juice that contains substances that enhance digestion

  • Sodium bicarbonate, to increase chymal pH
  • Pancreatic enzymes
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15
Q

What are the 4 pancreatic enzymes? What do they digest?

A
  1. Pancreatic amylase to digest starches
  2. Trypsin to digest protein
  3. Lipase to digest fats
  4. Nuclease to digest nucleic acids
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16
Q

What is villi?

A
  • hair like projections that help absorb nutrients
  • microvilli to increase surface area
17
Q

What does the large intestine do?

A

absorbs water, salts, and some vitamins.

further digestion

18
Q

Where is the appendix found?

A

pouch in the large intestine

19
Q

What are the 2 functions of the pancreas?

A
  1. endocrine gland: secretion of insulin and glucagon into the bloodstream.
  2. exocrine gland: secretion of pancreatic juice into the small intestine.
20
Q

What are the 6 functions of the liver?

A
  1. Removal of poisons/toxins from the blood
  2. Production of plasma proteins
  3. Destruction of old red blood cells
  4. Production of bile
  5. Storage of glucose as glycogen
  6. Production of urea (nitrogenous waste)
    • transported by the bloodstream to kidneys
21
Q

What are the 3 disorders of the liver?

A
  1. Jaundice: excessive concentration of bile pigments in the blood
  2. Hepatitis: viral infection of the liver
  3. cirrhosis: liver tissue becomes fatty and then non-functional scar tissue.
22
Q

What does the respiratory system do?

A

allows for the exchange of gases between the blood and the external air

23
Q

What are the 2 steps of respiration?

A
  • inspiration (inhalation) and expiration (exhalation) of breathing
  • External gas exchange between air and blood in lungs
  • Internal gas exchange between blood and body fluids
24
Q

What lines the respiratory ducts? why?

A
  • cilia
  • to filter debris and dust.
25
Q

What are the 3 structures of the upper respiratory tracts?

A
  1. Nasal cavities and interconnected sinuses
  2. pharynx
  3. larynx (voice box) and vocal cords
26
Q

what is at the junction btwn the mouth and the larynx?

A

tonsils (lymphatic tissue)

27
Q

What is the opening btwn the pharynx and the larynx?

A

glottis

28
Q

What are the 4 parts of the respiratory tree?

A
  1. trachea (windpipe)
  2. primary bronchii leading to each lung
  3. smaller bronchioles within each lung
  4. sac-like alveoli (at the end of each bronchiole where gas exchange occurs)
29
Q

What does the contraction of the diaphram allow? How?

A

breathing

  • Contraction of the diaphragm creates a negative pressure that causes inspiration
  • Relaxation of the diaphragm causes expiration
30
Q

What do the bronchioles and alveoli of the lungs create?

A

large surface area for gas exchange

  • alveoli are in close contact with blood vessels, forming the respiratory membrane which facilitates gas exchange
31
Q

What are the 3 functions of the kidneys?

A
  1. Excretion of nitrogenous wastes
  2. Maintenance of water-salt balance of blood
  3. Maintenance of the blood pH
32
Q

Flow of urine (4)

A
  1. kidneys
  2. ureter
  3. urinary bladder
  4. urethra
33
Q

What are the 3 regions of the kidney?

A
  1. renal cortex is the outer region.
  2. renal medulla lies underneath the cortex.
  3. renal pelvis is the innermost layer
34
Q

What are nephrons?

A

urine producing cells of the kidneys

35
Q

What are the 5 parts of the nephron that help form urine?

A
  1. nephron capsule**: allows for the diffusion of molecules from the blood
  2. proximal tubule: packed with microvilli
  3. nephron loop: has a descending and ascending limb
  4. distal tubule
  5. collecting duct
36
Q

What are the 3 steps of urine formation?

  1. What occurs during each?
A
  1. Filtration: small molecules pass from the blood into the nephron capsule
  2. Reabsorption: Nutrients and other molecules move back to the blood
  3. Secretion: wastes are selectively transported into the distal tubule
37
Q

What are 3 kidney diseases?

What are they caused by?

A
  1. Renal disease and failure can be caused by hypertension or diabetes
  2. Kidney stones can form from pH imbalances, excess Ca, or urinary tract infections
  3. Edema (build up of fluid) can occur if too many nephrons are blocked or are not functioning.

Bio 11: Lecture Final (3 decks)

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