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CS2 Exam II > 26: Hematopoiesis - Steele > Flashcards

26: Hematopoiesis - Steele Flashcards

1
Q

hematopoiesis =

A

formation of blood cells

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2
Q

functions of hematopoiesis

A
  • provides the cellular elements of the peripheral blood; takes place in the bone marrow
  • delivery of oxygen to the tissues + providing host cell defense
  • replaces of 0.5 x 10to12 cells/day
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3
Q

what is a normal hematocrit level?

A

45-50%

with blood doping and rhEPO it could go up to 80%

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4
Q 
life spans:
lymphocytes
RBC
platelets
granulocytes
macrophages
A 
years
120 d
7-10 d
6-8 hrs
months - years
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5
Q

eosinophls
neutrophils
basophils
are….

A

granulocytes

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6
Q

a smear of the bone marrow would contain mostly…

A

granulocyte precursors

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7
Q

give rise to progenitor cells of all lineages

A

hematopietic stem cells

self renewal AND differentiation

0.1-0.01% of bone marrow cells; highly proliferative

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8
Q

purpose bone marrow stromal cells

A

maintenance and differentiation of hematopoietic cells

ex: adipocytes, fibroblastoid cells and reticuloendothelial cells

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9
Q

more primitive/earlier in differentiation. more ______ bind to stromal cells

A

tightly/firmly

stem cells/ primitive precursors bind firmly; maturing precursor cells nonadherent

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10
Q

G-CSF granulocyte colony stimulating factor –>

A

released by macrophages at inflammatory sites –> circulates to bone marrow –> production/release of NEUTROPHILS

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11
Q

EPO erythropoietin —>

A

produced/released by peritubular interstitial cells (kidney) in repsonse to hypoxia –> circulates to bone marrow –> production and release of RBC

increased oxygen pressure inhibits production of EPO

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12
Q

TGFbeta transforming growth factor beta –>

A

downregulation of stem cell growth/differentiation by TGFbeta by decreasing cell surface receptors for growth/differentiation cytokines

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13
Q

why would you give someone G-CSF?

A

ex: pt on chemo, need to increase neutrophils,
ex: bone marrow transplantation (some of bone stem cells get into peripheral blood with G-CSF, harvest stem cells from blood)

GM-CSF can do some of the same things but worse side effects

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14
Q

why would you give EPO?

A

anemia as result of renal insufficiency –> increase RBC mass

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15
Q

yellow v. red marrow

A

yellow is inactive and mainly adipose tissue

red- active in hematopoiesis

young all is red, by 18 red only in ribs, sternum and pelvis

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16
Q

what is extramedullary hematopoiesis?

A

takes place in spleen and liver when bone marrow dysfunctional or unable to meet the demands on it

hematopoiesis but not in the bone marrow

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17
Q 
as a cell matures..
cell size \_\_\_\_
n:c ratio \_\_\_\_\_\_
nucleoli \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
cytoplasmic staining \_\_\_\_\_
A

decreases
decreases
decrease in number to zero
darker blue to lighter blue because decreasing RNA

18
Q

describe a RBC

A

smaller cell size
lower N:C ratio
no nucleoli
lighter cytoplasm

reticulocytes and erythrocytes do not have any nucleus

19
Q

the formation or production of RBC

A

erythropoiesis

20
Q

maturation sequence of RBC

A

stem cells –> rubriblast –> prorubricyte –> rubricyte –> metarubricyte –> reticulocyte –> mature erythrocyte

21
Q

production of cells in the granulocytic lineage, including neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils

A

granulopoiesis

22
Q

sequence of development for granulopoiesis

A

stem cell –> myeloblast –> promyelocyte –> myelocyte –> metamyelocyte –> band –> granulocyte

23
Q

what is a band cell?

A

almost but not quite mature granulocyte

24
Q

“shift to the left”

A

shifting back to less mature forms

% of band forms in the blood

bone marrow is releasing cells as immature band cells because trying to keep up with infection for example

25
Q

circulation v. marginating pools of neutrophils

A

about half neutrophils are zooming around in blood, about half bound to the walls of blood vessels

26
Q

________ remove dead granulocytes from circulation

A

splenic macrophages

27
Q

histiocytes
kupffer cells
osteoclasts
microglial cells

A

loose connective tissues
liver
bone
nervous system

all different names for macrophages

28
Q

“baby macrophages”

A

monocytes

stem cell –> monoblast –> promonocyte –> monocyte –> macrophage

29
Q

production of cells in lymphocytic lineage, including T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes or natural killer NK cells

A

lymphopoiesis

stem cell –> lymphoblast –> prolymphocyte –> lymphocyte

30
Q

develop entirely in bone marrow and are released into the peripheral blood

A

only the B lymphocytes and NK cells

31
Q

activated b cells give rise to …

A

plasma cells and memory cells

32
Q

t cells are in the bone marrow until prothymocytes are released into peripheral blood to migrate to the …

A

thymus

once in thymus termed thymocytes and then differentiate into t lymphocyte subsets

most die in thymus (positive and neg selection)

once leave thymus, populate lymphatic organs

33
Q

production of platelets

A

thrombopoiesis

34
Q

anuclear cytoplasmic remnants of megakaryocytes

A

thrombocytes

role in hemostasis –> limit bleeding, repair endothelium

35
Q

which of the lymphocytes are part of innate immuity?

A

NK cells

36
Q

thrombopoiesis is stimulated by…

A

thrombopoietin

  • promotes megakaryocyte precursor production
  • stimualtes endomitosis (mitosis without cytoplasmic divisions)

each megakaryocyte can become 100-1000 platelets

37
Q

maturation sequence for thrombopoiesis

A

stem cell –> megakaryoblast –> promegakaryocyte –> megakaryocyte –> platelet

38
Q

where is an emergency reserve of platelets found?

A

spleen

platelets are phagocytized in liver or spleen

39
Q

quantity of each cell type per unit volume

A

absolute cell count

differential count is a relative count that gives the % of each cell type

40
Q

absolute cell count for a cell type =

A

total WBC count X % cell type

41
Q

most bone marrow is…

A

granulocytes 50-70%

only 2% are RBC precursors

stem cells are the least %

42
Q

0.5 - 1.5% of RBC

A

reticulocytes aka slightly immature red blood cells

shift to left if body is being stressed to make more RBC and sends them out immaturely

CS2 Exam II (17 decks)

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