2.6 Environmental Control of Metabolism Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the three domains of life?

A

Prokaryotes, Eukaryotes, Archaea

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2
Q

Why are microorganisms useful in research and industrial processes?

A
  • cheap
  • grow fast
  • easy to cultivate
  • ability to produce many different products
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3
Q

What do microorganisms need to survive?

A

Energy source and raw materials for biosynthesis

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4
Q

What four factors must be monitored when culturing cells?

A
  • Sterility
  • Temperature
  • Oxygen Concentration
  • pH
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5
Q

Define ‘Sterile’

A

Free from contamination

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6
Q

Why is making the culture sterile important?

A

Contaminating Micro-organisms may compete for resources and limit the growth of culture and so this must be resolved

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7
Q

Why is a temperature an important factor to be controlled?

A

Important to ensure enzymes are working at their optimum in order to achieve the maximum growth rate

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8
Q

How is temperature monitored in a culture?

A

Using a thermometer

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9
Q

Define ‘growth’

A

Growth is the irreversible increase in dry biomass of an organism

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10
Q

What is ‘Generation Time’?

A

Number of time taken for one cell to divide into two daughter cells

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11
Q

What is the difference between the total cell count and the viable cell count?

A

Total cell count - number of cells visible in field of view (dead or alive)
Viable cell count - number of cells that are alive

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12
Q

What is used to count the total cell count and the viable cell count?

A

Haemocytometer

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13
Q

What are the four stages in the growth of a microorganism?

A

1 - Lag
2 - Log/Exponential
3 - Stationary
4 - Death

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14
Q

Describe the Lag phase

A

Microbes are adjusting to condition

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15
Q

Describe the Log/Exponential phase

A

contains the most rapid growth of micro-organisms due to plentiful nutrients.

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16
Q

Describe the Stationary Phase

A
  • Occurs due to the nutrients in the culture media becoming depleted and the production of toxic metabolites.
  • Results in rate of new cell production = rate of cell death.
  • Secondary metabolites are also produced.
17
Q

Describe the Death Phase

A

occurs due to the toxic accumulation of metabolites or the lack of nutrients in the culture.

18
Q

Give an example of a secondary metabolite that can confer an ecological advantage

A

Antibiotics