251 Flashcards
In the seventh century, a new faith took place in the middle east. This faith, called Islam was monotheistic, like Judaism and Christianity. The followers of Islam were called ________, believed that Allah transmitted his words to the faithful through ____________, whose followers began to record those words in what came to be called the _______, or “recitation”.
Muslims, Muhammad, Qu’ran
Muslims believe that salvation is one through submission to the will of God, and that this can be accomplished by following the
Five pillars of Islam
Confession of faith, prayer five times per day, charity to the needy, fasting during the holy month of Ramadan, pilgrimage to Mecca at least once during one’s lifetime
Persecuted and threatened with death, Muhammad and his followers fled to _______ in 622 c.e. in what is known as the __________ (which also marks year 1 on the Muslim calendar).
Medina, hijra
When Muhammad died unexpectedly in 632, _________, one of his first followers in Mecca, became _________, the head of state, military commander, chief judge, and religious leader.
Abu Bakr, caliph
In other words, the Islamic empire was what’s known as a _________, a government ruled by immediate divine guidance or by officials who are regarded as being divinely guided.
Theocracy
Because it was ruled by a caliph, the theocratic Islamic Empire was referred to as a _______
Caliphate
But under pressure from a prominent family in Mecca, Hasan relinquished his title, making way for the establishment of the ____________.
Umayyad Dynasty
________ a Frankish leader, stopped the Muslim advance in its tracks as Muslim armies tried to advance in its track as Muslim armies tried to advance toward Paris, so the Islamic Empire never flourished in Europe beyond parts of Spain and southern Italy.
Charles Martel
Despite the success of the Umayyad Dynasty ( the _______________ was built on Temple Mount in Jerusalem during this time, Córdoba was one of the richest and most sophisticated cities in Europe), problems with succession started to emerge.
The dome of the rock
_____________ holds The Mohammed son-in-law, Ali, was the rightful heir to the empire based on Mohammed’s comments to Ali
Shite (Shia) Islam
____________, in contrast, though they hold Ali in high esteem, do not believe that he and his hereditary line are chosen successors; rather, they contend that the leaders of the empire should be drawn from a broad base of the people
Sunnis
The _____________________ reigned from 750 to 1258, that is until the late Islamic Empire was defeated by the Mongols (more on them later).
Abbasid Dynasty
__________, for example, published a massive medical encyclopedia that was unlike anything compiled before it.
Muhammad al- Razi
Later, when Muslims and Christians battled for control of the___________ (present-day Israel, Jordan, Syria, Lebanon, and points north and south)during the European Crusades, Europe found its own history among the other treasures preserved in Arabic libraries and museums.
Levant
The ____________, Islamic mystics, were effective missionaries. They stressed a personal relationship with Allah, in contrast to other religions that emphasized a particular form of ritual.
Sufis
During the crusades, in 1258, the _____________ overran the Islamic Empire and destroyed Baghdad, thereby signaling the end of the Abbasid Dynasty.
Mongols
It’s people would lead to Egypt, where they remained intact but powerless. Eventually the___________ would reunite Egypt, Syria, and Arabia in the new Islamic state, which would last until 1918.
Ottoman Turks
Developments in Europe and points used became quite complicated during the _____________, which is the period after the fall of Rome and before the renaissance
Middle Ages
The ___________________ what is distinct from Roman empire. Use the Greek language; architecture had distinctive domes; it’s culture and a general had more in common with eastern culture like those Persia; and its brand of Christianity became a separate branch known as ______________
The Byzantine, Orthodox Christianity
Under __________, Who reigned from 527 to 565, the former glory and unity of the Roman empire was somewhat restored in Constantinople.
Justinian
The Justinianic period is perhaps most remembered for three things: (1) the ____________, codification of Roman law that kept ancient Roman legal principles alive (in the West these went unused for a time.)
Justinianic Code
(2) the flourishing of the arts and sciences, evident in the construction of the major buildings in churches, most notably__________, an enormous cathedral that still stands today (but now as a museum and former mosque).
Hagia Sophia
When __________, A Russian prince from Kiev, abandon the traditional pagan religion and converted to Christianity, he also considered Islam, Judaism, and Roman Catholicism.
Vladimir
In the ninth century, the Slavic peoples of south east Europe and Russia were converted to Christianity by____________, in Orthodox Christian who used the Greek alphabet to create a Slavic alphabet known as the Cyrillic alphabet
St.Cyril
__________ were a Germanic tribe that united under the leadership of _________ in the late fifth century.
The franks, king Clovis
_____________ led the revolt against the advancing Muslim armies and in 732 defeated them at the __________________, not far from Paris.
Charles Martel, Battle of Tours
Martel then used his position as a political and military leader under the declining Frankish ____________ to put his sons fourth as successors, thus founding the ______________.
Merovingian Dynasty, Carolingian Dynasty
Martel had worked during his tenure to reunite the region under his control, and when his son ______________ ascended to the throne in 752 CE , Charles chose to have his succession certified by the pope, a significant step that sent the clear signal that and empires legitimacy rested on the Rome’s approval
Pep in the Short
Like his father, Charles was crowned by the pope in 800 and became known as ___________
Charlemagne (Charles the great)
The empire Charlemagne built would come to be called the ________________ upon the coronation of Otto the Great and 963
The Holy Roman Empire
During this time, Western Europe continued to be attacked by powerful invaders, notably the Vikings from Scandinavia and the __________. From Hungary
Magyars
Although the __________ we’re not only Raiders, they were perhaps the most successful. Beginning around 800, they use their highly maneuverable, multi oar boats to read will be on their borders
The Vikings
The nobles, intern, divided their lands into smaller sections under the control of lesser Lords called
Vassals
Below the vassals were___________, Who worked the land.
Peasants
The estates that were granted to the vassals were called ________, in these later became known as _____________
Fiefs, manors
One such advance, called the ____________, centered on the rotation of three fields; one for the fall harvest, one for the Spring harvest, and one not seated follow harvest (The latter allowing one of the lands to replenish its nutrients)
Three field system
The etiquette of these disputes and rules of engagement was highly refined and flowed from the ___________
The code of chivalry
Specifically, when a Lord died under the feudal system his land and title was passed down via__________, to his eldest son.
Primogeniture
Peasants (called ____) in the feudal social system, whether male or female, had few rights.
Serfs
Towns were chartered on lands controlled by feudal lords, and with in the towns, the middle class merchants, or __________, became politically powerful
Burghers
Eventually, towns formed alliances, not unlike a city state structure. One of the most significant alliances, the_____________, had an economic basis; established and 1358, it controlled trade throughout much of northern Europe.
The Hanseatic League
European contact with the Muslim world during the __________ ( military campaigns undertaken by European Christians of the 11th through the 14th centuries to take over the holy land and convert Muslims and other non-Christians to Christianity) and over the trade routes helped spur new thought and brought in the perspective of these previously insular people.
The Crusades
This process of reasoning gave the rise to _________ religious practices or believes that do you not confirmed to the traditional church doctrine.
Heresies
Doubts about the supremacy of religion dogma continued to merge until the beginning of the 13th century, when __________ issued strict decrees on church doctrine
Pope Innocent III
This progression, called_________ also sometimes came into conflict with the church because it relied on reason rather than faith and it’s bias
Scholasticism
A few years later, pope Gregory The ninth set into motion the now notorious ___________, A formalized integration and persecution process perceived heretics
Inquisition
Do two pervasiveness of the church and its ultimate power at this time, it is sometimes referred to as the __________ or the ____________.
Church militant, universal church
Late in the 13th century,_____________ A famous Christian theologian, made significant inroads in altering Christian thought. He wrote the ____________, which out lined his views that faith and reason are not in conflict, but that both are gifts from God and each can be used to enhance the other.
Thomas Aquinas , Summa Theologica
In Germany for example, the reigning family died out without a suitable successor for the emperorship, so the region entered a period known as ___________ (a time between kings)
Interregnum
Since the time of ______________, England had followed a tradition of a strong monarchy
William the conqueror
However, during the rule of king John, powerful English Nobles rebuild and force him to sign the __________
Magna Carta
In 987, _________ Ruled only a small area around Paris, for the next couple of hundred years, subsequent French kings expanded the territory.
King Hugh
As a teenager, farm girl __________ claimed to have heard voices that told her to liberate France from the hands of the English, who had by the early 15th century claimed the entire French territory.
Joan of arc
Nevertheless, she had a significant impact on the _________________ between England and France, which eventually resulted in England’s with drawl from France
Hundred years’ war
Around the same time, Spain was united by _____________, The ruler of Castile, present-day Spain.
Queen Isabella
To overcome these obstacles, Isabelle married ____________ heir to the Spanish kingdom of Aragon, in 1469, this uniting most of Spain into a single monarchy
Ferdinand
The result was that non-Christians, predominantly Muslim and Jewish people, we are forced to convert to Christianity or leave the country. This policy marked the beginning of the _____________
The Spanish Inquisition
It wasn’t until 1240 to that Russia succumbed to the _________ (A group of Mongols from the east) Under the rule of Genghis Khan
Tatars
By the mid 1500s, _____________ had centralized Power over the entire Russians beer, ruling Ruthlessly and using the secret police against his own Nobles
Ivan the Terrible
China was really unified under the _____________ and emperor Taizu.
Song Dynasty
Despite a long period of peace and prosperity, this song eventually fell to the Jurchen and then the Mongols until finally in 1279, the Mongols establish the ___________ in its place.
The yuan Dynasty
The Mongols were driven from China, and in 1368 the ____________ restored traditional Chinese rule to the empire
The Ming Dynasty
It was also the center of the tang __________, through which independent countries including Vietnam, Korea, to bet, and very central Asian tribes knowledge the supremacy of the Chinese emperor and send ambassadors to the city with gifts
Tribute system
An early form of _________ resulted in a increase in literacy and bureaucrat among the lower classes
Moveable type
One of the more incredible events during the Tang Dynasty was the rise of ________, Who became the first, and today only, empress of China at the death of her husband, and for Gaozong
Wu Zhao
During the song Dynasty, adherence to a new Confucianism justified the subordination of women, and ____________. became a widespread practice.
Foot binding
The first important ruling family was the _______ clan, who’s international connections help them emerge as leaders in the fifth century
Yamato
Early on, the ________ religion chokehold in Japan. Under_________ which means “The way of the gods” The Japanese were shipped the_______, which refers to the nature and all forces of nature, bull seen and unseen
Shinto, kami
_________ borrowed bureaucratic in legal reforms, which were modeled on the success of the Tang Dynasty in China
Prince Sotoku
These reforms were enacted after his death as the _________ 645CE.
Taika Reforms
One of the most powerful families, the _________, intermarried over several generations with the embers family and soon ran the affairs of the country. The ember remained as a figurehead, but the real power had shifted to the members of the _________
Fujiwara family
In 1192, Yoritomo Minamoto was given the title of chief general or_____________, by the Emperor.
Shogun
Below the shogun in the pecking order were the _______, owners of large tracts of Lynn, the counterparts of the lords of medieval Europe
Daimyo
The samurai follow a strict code of conduct known as the ________, which is very similar to the code of chivalry in Europe
Code of Bushido
In the early 1200s, all that changed. Using his tremendous military and organizational skills,___________ unified the Mongol tribes and set them on a path of expansion that would lead them to the largest empire in the world has ever seen
Genghis Khan
Genghis Khan unified several nomadic tribes of Mongolia and Lydon the Mongol invasion of China in 1234, which was the beginning of the in Normas mongolian conquest. The_________ eventually spend from the Pacific ocean to Eastern Europe
Mongol Empire
The _________ Concord the region of modern day Russia.
Golden Horde
In China, _________ ruled. Mongols destroyed cities in were ruthless warriors, but once they’re Jamin was established, the empire was relatively peaceful.
Kublai Khan
This sultanate was destroyed, but after __________ ( sometimes referred to as __________) return to his capital of Sandmarkand, the Mongols pulled out as well
Timur Lang, Tamerlane
Because the Chinese weren’t allowed to ___________ they didn’t. They kept their own identity, and when they finally kicked out the Mongols and 1368, the Chinese were able to establish the Ming Dynasty under traditional Chinese practices, that they had never lost
Mongolize
__________ developed at about the same time as ancient Egypt, and at one point around 750 B.C.E. actually Concord part of it. Less than 100 years later, however, _______ retreated southward back to its capital at Meroe , which became the center of it Ironworks and trade.
Kush
After the Kush declined around 200 CE, another empire, __________, Rose to greatness in the south , in modern day Ethiopia.
Axum
One of the greatest Malian rulers, _________, built a capital Timbuktu and expanded their kingdom will be on the bounds of Ghana.
Mansa Musa
The _______ culture, near present-day Nigeria, master of bronze sculpting technique. They made Claymore around a wax carving, melted the wax, fill the mold with melted bronze, and, after breaking the mold clay, revealed some of the most beautiful early bronze work ever created in any civilization
Benin
Hence, this kingdom is referred to as the __________. For over 300 years beginning in 1206, Islam spread throughout much of northern India.
Delhi Sultanate
______________ was in important part of most African communities. History and stories were passed from one generation to the next not through written text, but through storytelling
Oral literature
The Aztecs, known as the mixer arrived in central Mexico in the mid 1200s and built their capital __________.
Tenochitilan
Their skills are evident from the ruins of the _________ in Cuzco and the temple of________.
Temple of the sun, Machu
Picchu
However, they were able to record census data and keep an accounting of harvest on ________, a set of knotted string
Quipa
The _________ , Also called the black death, started in Asia in the 14th century and was carried by emergent along the trade routes all the way to Europe, where is destroyed entire communities in killed as many as one out of every three people in Western Europe
The bubonic plague
Throughout the period covered in this chapter, the Persians and Arabs dominated the _________.
Indian Ocean trade
So, in 1096 CE Pope urban initiated the _________ in response to the success of the Selijuk Turks, Who took control of the holy land, present day Palestine and Israel.
First Crusade
