251 Flashcards
In the seventh century, a new faith took place in the middle east. This faith, called Islam was monotheistic, like Judaism and Christianity. The followers of Islam were called ________, believed that Allah transmitted his words to the faithful through ____________, whose followers began to record those words in what came to be called the _______, or “recitation”.
Muslims, Muhammad, Qu’ran
Muslims believe that salvation is one through submission to the will of God, and that this can be accomplished by following the
Five pillars of Islam
Confession of faith, prayer five times per day, charity to the needy, fasting during the holy month of Ramadan, pilgrimage to Mecca at least once during one’s lifetime
Persecuted and threatened with death, Muhammad and his followers fled to _______ in 622 c.e. in what is known as the __________ (which also marks year 1 on the Muslim calendar).
Medina, hijra
When Muhammad died unexpectedly in 632, _________, one of his first followers in Mecca, became _________, the head of state, military commander, chief judge, and religious leader.
Abu Bakr, caliph
In other words, the Islamic empire was what’s known as a _________, a government ruled by immediate divine guidance or by officials who are regarded as being divinely guided.
Theocracy
Because it was ruled by a caliph, the theocratic Islamic Empire was referred to as a _______
Caliphate
But under pressure from a prominent family in Mecca, Hasan relinquished his title, making way for the establishment of the ____________.
Umayyad Dynasty
________ a Frankish leader, stopped the Muslim advance in its tracks as Muslim armies tried to advance in its track as Muslim armies tried to advance toward Paris, so the Islamic Empire never flourished in Europe beyond parts of Spain and southern Italy.
Charles Martel
Despite the success of the Umayyad Dynasty ( the _______________ was built on Temple Mount in Jerusalem during this time, Córdoba was one of the richest and most sophisticated cities in Europe), problems with succession started to emerge.
The dome of the rock
_____________ holds The Mohammed son-in-law, Ali, was the rightful heir to the empire based on Mohammed’s comments to Ali
Shite (Shia) Islam
____________, in contrast, though they hold Ali in high esteem, do not believe that he and his hereditary line are chosen successors; rather, they contend that the leaders of the empire should be drawn from a broad base of the people
Sunnis
The _____________________ reigned from 750 to 1258, that is until the late Islamic Empire was defeated by the Mongols (more on them later).
Abbasid Dynasty
__________, for example, published a massive medical encyclopedia that was unlike anything compiled before it.
Muhammad al- Razi
Later, when Muslims and Christians battled for control of the___________ (present-day Israel, Jordan, Syria, Lebanon, and points north and south)during the European Crusades, Europe found its own history among the other treasures preserved in Arabic libraries and museums.
Levant
The ____________, Islamic mystics, were effective missionaries. They stressed a personal relationship with Allah, in contrast to other religions that emphasized a particular form of ritual.
Sufis
During the crusades, in 1258, the _____________ overran the Islamic Empire and destroyed Baghdad, thereby signaling the end of the Abbasid Dynasty.
Mongols
It’s people would lead to Egypt, where they remained intact but powerless. Eventually the___________ would reunite Egypt, Syria, and Arabia in the new Islamic state, which would last until 1918.
Ottoman Turks
Developments in Europe and points used became quite complicated during the _____________, which is the period after the fall of Rome and before the renaissance
Middle Ages
The ___________________ what is distinct from Roman empire. Use the Greek language; architecture had distinctive domes; it’s culture and a general had more in common with eastern culture like those Persia; and its brand of Christianity became a separate branch known as ______________
The Byzantine, Orthodox Christianity
Under __________, Who reigned from 527 to 565, the former glory and unity of the Roman empire was somewhat restored in Constantinople.
Justinian
The Justinianic period is perhaps most remembered for three things: (1) the ____________, codification of Roman law that kept ancient Roman legal principles alive (in the West these went unused for a time.)
Justinianic Code
(2) the flourishing of the arts and sciences, evident in the construction of the major buildings in churches, most notably__________, an enormous cathedral that still stands today (but now as a museum and former mosque).
Hagia Sophia
When __________, A Russian prince from Kiev, abandon the traditional pagan religion and converted to Christianity, he also considered Islam, Judaism, and Roman Catholicism.
Vladimir
In the ninth century, the Slavic peoples of south east Europe and Russia were converted to Christianity by____________, in Orthodox Christian who used the Greek alphabet to create a Slavic alphabet known as the Cyrillic alphabet
St.Cyril
__________ were a Germanic tribe that united under the leadership of _________ in the late fifth century.
The franks, king Clovis
_____________ led the revolt against the advancing Muslim armies and in 732 defeated them at the __________________, not far from Paris.
Charles Martel, Battle of Tours
Martel then used his position as a political and military leader under the declining Frankish ____________ to put his sons fourth as successors, thus founding the ______________.
Merovingian Dynasty, Carolingian Dynasty
Martel had worked during his tenure to reunite the region under his control, and when his son ______________ ascended to the throne in 752 CE , Charles chose to have his succession certified by the pope, a significant step that sent the clear signal that and empires legitimacy rested on the Rome’s approval
Pep in the Short
Like his father, Charles was crowned by the pope in 800 and became known as ___________
Charlemagne (Charles the great)
The empire Charlemagne built would come to be called the ________________ upon the coronation of Otto the Great and 963
The Holy Roman Empire
During this time, Western Europe continued to be attacked by powerful invaders, notably the Vikings from Scandinavia and the __________. From Hungary
Magyars
Although the __________ we’re not only Raiders, they were perhaps the most successful. Beginning around 800, they use their highly maneuverable, multi oar boats to read will be on their borders
The Vikings
The nobles, intern, divided their lands into smaller sections under the control of lesser Lords called
Vassals
Below the vassals were___________, Who worked the land.
Peasants
The estates that were granted to the vassals were called ________, in these later became known as _____________
Fiefs, manors
One such advance, called the ____________, centered on the rotation of three fields; one for the fall harvest, one for the Spring harvest, and one not seated follow harvest (The latter allowing one of the lands to replenish its nutrients)
Three field system
