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AQA A-Level Design & Technology: Product Design > 2.5 Major Developments in Technology > Flashcards

2.5 Major Developments in Technology Flashcards

1
Q

Early 19th century

A

Electrical batteries and circuits:

   - Basic lighting
   - Motors
   - Switches
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2
Q

Early 20th century

A

Vacuum tube (thermionic valve):

       - Early amplifiers
       - Radios
       - TV's
       - Computers
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3
Q

1940s

A

Transistor (semi-conductor):
- Portable radios and a reduction in the size of other electronic
products

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4
Q

1960s

A

‘Microelectronic’ ICs (approx 500 transistors):
- More powerful computers and highly portable devices such as
music players

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5
Q

1980s

A

Ultra large-scale ICs (ULSI) (1000000+ transistors):

- Laptops and mobile phones

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6
Q

2017

A

10,000,000,000+ transistors ICs:
- Supercomputers and prospect of even more powerful mobile
devices

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7
Q

Impact of compact cassette

A

Portability and convenience of enclosed recording tape

Cheap, easy to use and relatively reliable

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8
Q

Impact of CD

A

Reliable, wear-free storage of digital files

Portable and relatively high storage capacity

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9
Q

Impact of laser

A

Reliable, non-contact, light transmission of CD data

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10
Q

Impact of Ni-Mh batteries

A

Rechargeable, portable power

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11
Q

Impact of LCD display

A

Facilitates user display interface

Consumes less power than previous displays

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12
Q

Impact of Impact of MP3 (compressed digital audio)

A

Increased capacity of devices to store more songs

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13
Q

Impact of miniature hard drive

A

High-capacity storage capability

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14
Q

Impact of lithium batteries

A

Rechargeable power and longer battery life

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15
Q

Impact of flash (IC) storage

A

No moving parts improving reliability

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16
Q

Impact of capacitive touch screen

A

Improvements to user control and display interface

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17
Q

Impact of music streaming

A

Removable of the requirement to store files on devices

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18
Q

The Internet of things (IoT)

A

Network of multiple microelectronic devices using wi-fi and the internet.

It has many applications so far, for example:
- Smart fridges using cameras and radio frequency identification
(RFID) scanners to order products as they are used
- An automatic JiT manufacturing system that organises its own
the flow of parts and predictive maintenance of manufacturing
equipment

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19
Q

Research

A

1950s:

  - Books
  - Film photography
  - Writing letters
  - Reading paper catalogues

Now:

  - internet searches
  - Digital photography
  - PDFs
  - Use of mobile devices
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20
Q

Generating and Refining Design Ideas

A

1950s

  - Sketching 
  - Drawing boards
  - Rubbing out and re-drawing errors
  - Basic copying methods

Now:

  - CAD
  - Graphics tablets
  - Parts libraries 
  - Scanning to input data
  - 3D rendering
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21
Q

Design Collaboration and Communcation

A

1950s:

  - Face-to-face meetings
  - Landline telephone calls
  - Postal communication

Now:

  - Web conferences
  - Email texts
  - File sharing and cloud storage
  - Online collaboration
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22
Q

Modelling and Testing Ideas

A

1950s:

  - Handmade models
  - Destructive testing
  - Calculations (sometimes with calculators)

Now:

  - Virtual 3D CAD model
  - Finite elements analysis (FEA)
  - Complex computer applications
23
Q

Manufacturing

A

1950s:

  - Skilled operation of manual machines
  - Paper-based stock control
  - Manual handling

Now:

  - CNC machines 
  - Robotic devices
  - Computer monitored JiT systems
  - 3D printing
24
Q

QC (quality control) and testing

A

1950s:

  - Manual and visual inspection using verniers and gauges
  - Basic laboratory equipment

Now:

  - Automated scanning
  - Digital imaging
  - Probe measuring linked to computers
24
Q

QC (quality control) and testing

A

1950s:

  - Manual and visual inspection using verniers and gauges
  - Basic laboratory equipment

Now:

  - Automated scanning
  - Digital imaging
  - Probe measuring linked to computers
25
Q

State two features of glulam

A

Layered timber and glue used to create various components

  • Elimination of timber defects
  • Easy to form parts
  • Good strength/weight ratio
  • Sustainable
26
Q

State one applications of glulam

A
  • Buildings
  • Bridges
  • Other structures
27
Q

State two features of kevlar

A

Fibre, which is often combined with resins

28
Q

State one application for kevlar

A
  • Bulletproof
  • Puncture-resistant tyres
  • Aircraft construction
29
Q

State two features of graphene (nanomaterial)

A

Two-dimensional form of microscopic carbon particles with a honeycomb-like atomic structure

  • Can be rolled into very thin and hollow tubes
  • Very good tensile strength, hardness, heat resistance, and electrical conductively
  • Lack of recyclability
30
Q

State one application of graphene (nanomaterial)

A
  • Medical treatment
  • ‘Nanoelectronic’ devices
  • Advanced coating
  • Battery manufacture
31
Q

State one feature of precious metal clay (PMC)

A

Microscopic particles of metals such as gold and silver are bound together in a pliable medium

  • Easily hand-shaped before firing in an oven at 700
32
Q

State one application of precious metal clay (PMC)

A
  • Jewellery

- Decorative items

33
Q

State how electrohydraulic forming work

A

Sheet metal is forced against a former by a shockwave from an electrical spark in a water tank

34
Q

State two advantages of electrohydraulic forming

A
  • Uses one-sided former
  • Fast
  • Great detail is possible
  • Material is evenly distributed
35
Q

State one application of electrohydraulic forming

A
  • Electrical appliance cases

- Car parts

36
Q

State how advanced 3D printing of metals using direct metal laser sintering (DMLS) works

A

A laser fuses metal particles, layer by layer

37
Q

State two advantages of advanced 3D printing of metals using direct metal laser sintering (DMLS)

A
  • Complex, strong and lightweight parts can be made

- Undercuts and internal voids are possible

38
Q

State one application of advanced 3D printing of metals using direct metal laser sintering (DMLS)

A
  • One-off prototypes and test parts
39
Q

State how fibre injection moulding work

A

Injection moulding using pellets of glass or carbon fibre filled polymers such as polyamide (nylon)

40
Q

State two advantages of fibre injection moulding

A
  • Parts produced are very strong, stiff, lightweight, and economical to mould
  • Facilitates sustainability by resuing carbon-fibre waste
41
Q

State one application of fibre injection moulding

A
  • Lightweight parts of aerospace
  • Lightweight parts of automotive
  • Sports equipment
  • Medical equipment
42
Q

State how laser beam welding work

A

Intense heat of a laser beam is used to join multiple pieces of metal

43
Q

State two advantages of laser beam welding

A
  • Faster than MIG/TIG
  • Narrower, deep welds are possible
  • Welds dissimilar metals
  • Minimises distortion
  • No finishing is needed
  • Welds thin sheets
44
Q

State one application of laser beam welding

A
  • Shipbuilding
  • Construction
  • Automotive and railway equipment
45
Q

State how physical vapour deposition (finishing process) work

A

Base material is vaporised and deposits a thin layer

46
Q

State two advantages of physical vapour deposition (finishing process)

A
  • Abrasion resistance
  • Durability
  • Large range of materials
  • Uniform deposition
47
Q

State one application of physical vapour deposition (finishing process)

A
  • Semi-conductor components
  • Food packaging
  • Machine tool tips
  • Decoratives products
48
Q

Impact of standardised file of formats (e.g. DXF and STL)

A

Connect CAM/CAD processes for a wide range of software and hardware

49
Q

Impact of extensible markup language (XML)

A

Improved file compatibility for a growing range of different software packages

50
Q

Impact of finite element analysis (FEA) and computational fluid dynamics (CFD)

A

Simulate the impact of decisions being made at the design stage to make improvemts

51
Q

Impact cloud-based (internet based) CAD/CAM software packages

A

Software accessibility from any computer improves designers’ productivity and independence as well as facilitating growth of mass customisation

52
Q

Impact of virtual-reality systems incorporating 3D headsets and haptic (sensory) feedback

A

A realistic appraisal of virtual designs in their environment and additional CAD tools

AQA A-Level Design & Technology: Product Design (52 decks)

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