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604 Immuno/Microbio - Exam 2 > 2.5 Infection Process > Flashcards

2.5 Infection Process Flashcards

1
Q

SA of mucosal tissues greater/less than that of skin

A

greater

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2
Q

Lymphatic vessels collect tissue fluid from. Fluid flows only toward

A

Loose CT

The heart

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3
Q

Function of lymphatic muscle tissue

A

Squeezes/pushes lymph in 1 direction
- b/c lymphatics have 1 way valves

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4
Q

3 ways to classify lymphoid tissue

A
  • encapsulated organs
  • Discrete lymphatic tissue
  • diffuse lymphatic tissue
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5
Q

examples of encapsulated organs

A

Lymph nodes, thymus and spleen

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6
Q

Ratio of lymphatics to other cells is high/low for discrete lymphatic tissue/diffuse lymphatic tissue

A

High for discrete
Low for diffuse

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7
Q

Encapsulated organs have both __ lymphatic ___ and lymphatic ___

A

Diffuse
Tissue
Nodules

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8
Q

Primary lymphoid organs

A

thymus
BM

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9
Q

Secondary lymphoid organs

A

lymph nodes
spleen
MALT, GALT, BALT

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10
Q

diffuse lymphoid tissue examples

A

Urinary passages
reproductive tracts

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11
Q

Discrete lymphoid tissue examples

A

GALT (peyer’s patches and appendix)
BALT (tonsils)

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12
Q

Discrete lymphoid tissue structure is ___

A

permanent

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13
Q

Diffuse lymphoid tissue structure is ___

A

transient

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14
Q

What happens if mucosal surfaces dry out?

A

there’s no function

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15
Q

Describe mucins

A
  • Long glycoproteins
  • Secreted on mucosal membranes
  • Allows liquids to remain inside and carries out agglutinated materials that then forms a clump in mucous that’s carried away w/ flow of material on mucosal surface
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16
Q

Tonsils and adenoids form a ring of lymphoid tissues called

A

Waldeyer’s ring

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17
Q

You find largest mucosal surface in

A

GI tract

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18
Q

Describe commensal. What are the 5 things it does?

A
  • In GI tract
  • assist the gut in digesting food and maintaining health
  • synthesizes essential metabolites that we can’t
  • break down plant fibers in food
  • inactivate toxic substances in food or made by pathogens
  • inhibits pathogens
  • triggers immune response across epithelial border so you have an active immune response ready to go
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19
Q

M cells transport ___ and ___ from the gut lumen to ___

A

Microbes and antigens

Gut associated lymphoid tissue (to their antigens to DC and lymphocytes in peyer’s patch)

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20
Q

Steps for M cell to activated T cell

A
  1. M cells take up antigen by endocytosis and phagocytosis
  2. Antigen is transported across M cells in vesicles and released at basal surface
  3. Antigen is bound by DC, which activates T cells
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21
Q

DC can extend processes across the ___ to capture ___

A

Epithelial layer to capture antigen from intestinal lumen

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22
Q

Naive cells enter peyer’s patches via

A

HEV

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23
Q

Once B and T cells are stimulated in the peyer’s patch, they move to the ___, and then they’ll go to

A

mesentery lymph node

blood, heart, mucosal tissue

24
Q

all cells found in mucosal surfaces are

A

effector lymphocytes (CD8, CD4, DC, plasma cell, mast cell, macrophage)

25
Steps for healthy tissue protected by mucosal immunity that's infected by bacteria
1. bacteria enter lamina propria by endocytosis and activate macrophage (NO INFLAMMATION) 2. local effector cells respond, DC travel to mesentric lymph node to activate adaptive immunity 3. effector B and T cells colonize 4. infection's terminated w/ minor tissue damage or no need to repair
26
is there inflammation on mucosal surfaces? why?
No b/c it's a single epithelial layer and you don't want to inhibit the function
27
What's the cytokine along epithelium that's produced by intestinal epithelium?
CCL25
28
___ interacts w/ CCL25 and brings T cells back to mucosal surface due to chemical gradient
CCR9
29
what are the 5 mechanisms of s-IgA
- binds and exports toxins and pathogens from lamina propria and secretes them out - binds and neutralizes antigens in endosomes - on the gut surface, it can bind and neutralize pathogens and toxins - in the lumen, it can bind pathogen on M cell surface and take to lymphoid tissue - picks up antigen in endosomes of M cell and takes it to lymphoid tissue (takes to DC for presentation)
30
Describe the subclasses of IgA
IgA1 - long fold region in antibody molecule - produced in high amounts in areas where organism may produce IgA protease IgA2 - short fold hinge that's resistant to proteases
31
When your body can't produce IgA, what takes over its function?
IgM
32
__ and ___ protects mucosal surface. This is ___ transport
IgM and IgA Active transport
33
Transport of IgG from blood to lamina propria to gut lumen is all due to ___ receptor releasing IgG vesicle into lumen
FcRn
34
What proteins are similar to TLR? Where are they found? What do they bind? Function?
NOD1 and NOD2 Found in cytosol of enterocytes Muramyl dipeptide Binding of muramyl dipeptide stimulates NKkappa B to induce expression of cytokines which recruits neutrophils and monocytes
35
In worms you want a ___ response
adaptive
36
TH2 response against worms
- triggers cell response w/ eosinophils or mast cells - produces IL-13 which induces epithelial cell repair and mucus - IL-5 recruits and activates eosinophils - drives B cells to produce IgE - Drives mast cell recruitment via IL-3 and IL-9 - protective response
37
TH1 response against worms
- host damage - activates macrophages - produces IgG - can stimulate an antibody dependent cytotoxic effect
38
anatomical features of mucosal immune system
- intimate interactions between mucosal epithelia and lymphoid tissues - specialized antigen uptake by M cells - discrete compartments of diffuse lymphoid tissues and more organized structures
39
effector mechanisms of mucosal immune system
- activated effector T cells predominate even in absence of infection - plasma cells
40
immunoregulatory environment
- dominant and active downregulation of inflammatory immune response to food and other environmental antigens - inflammation anergic macrophages and tolerance inducing DC
41
primary adaptive response produces __ effector cells and ___ memory cells. Can effector cells turn into memory cells?
More Less Yes
42
Do you go through somatic hypermutation and affinity maturation in IgG, IgM, or both?
IgG
43
Primary response produces ___ affinity IgM antibodies
Low
44
naive B cell binding to pathogen coated w/ specific antibody resutlts in
naive B cell isn't activated No production of low-affinity IgM antibodies
45
memory B cell binding to pathogen coated w/ specific antibody results in
Memory B cell activated high affinity IgG, IgA, and IgE antibodies
46
First pregnancy of Rh- mother and Rh+ fetus result in
healthy baby
47
Second+ pregnancy of Rh- mother and Rh+ fetus results in
destruction of fetal erythrocytes anemic newborn baby
48
First and subsequent pregnancies of Rh- mother and Rh+ fetus and infused anti-Rh IgG results in
anti-Rh IgG binds fetal erythrocytes and interacts w/ FcgammaR which inhibits primary immune response, so NO FETAL ERYTHROCYTES DESTROYED healthy baby
49
T cells remain longer/shorter than antibody molecule
Longer
50
marker on naive CD4 T cell
CD45RA
51
Naive CD4 T cell and memory/effector CD4 T cell splicing
naive = CD45 exons are expressed memory/effector = CD45 exons are spliced, so now it's CD45RO
52
central memory cells express/lack CCR7 and remain in the ___
express lymphoid tissue
53
Effector memory cells express/lack CCR7 and migrate to ___
lack tissues
54
Effector T cells can become
quiescent memory cells or they die
55
gamma:delta T cells are located where? What are their steps activation?
gut epithelial layer 1. infection of gut epithelial cell signals stress induced proteins 2. bacteria go into gut and infected epithelial cell expresses MICs 3. gamma:delta receptor and NK receptor NKG2D bind to MIC 4. infected cell undergoes apoptosis and gamma:delta repairs wound 5. dead cell's replaced
56
What happens if NK cell detects normal MHC class I? What if there's a presence of MIC?
negative signals sent to cell and nothing happens Positive signals sent to cell and NK cell releases granules which kills cells in the area

604 Immuno/Microbio - Exam 2 (5 decks)

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