Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

604 Immuno/Microbio - Exam 2 > 2.5 Infection Process > Flashcards

2.5 Infection Process Flashcards

1
Q

SA of mucosal tissues greater/less than that of skin

A

greater

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Lymphatic vessels collect tissue fluid from. Fluid flows only toward

A

Loose CT

The heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Function of lymphatic muscle tissue

A

Squeezes/pushes lymph in 1 direction
- b/c lymphatics have 1 way valves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

3 ways to classify lymphoid tissue

A
  • encapsulated organs
  • Discrete lymphatic tissue
  • diffuse lymphatic tissue
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

examples of encapsulated organs

A

Lymph nodes, thymus and spleen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Ratio of lymphatics to other cells is high/low for discrete lymphatic tissue/diffuse lymphatic tissue

A

High for discrete
Low for diffuse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Encapsulated organs have both __ lymphatic ___ and lymphatic ___

A

Diffuse
Tissue
Nodules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Primary lymphoid organs

A

thymus
BM

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Secondary lymphoid organs

A

lymph nodes
spleen
MALT, GALT, BALT

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

diffuse lymphoid tissue examples

A

Urinary passages
reproductive tracts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Discrete lymphoid tissue examples

A

GALT (peyer’s patches and appendix)
BALT (tonsils)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Discrete lymphoid tissue structure is ___

A

permanent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Diffuse lymphoid tissue structure is ___

A

transient

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What happens if mucosal surfaces dry out?

A

there’s no function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Describe mucins

A
  • Long glycoproteins
  • Secreted on mucosal membranes
  • Allows liquids to remain inside and carries out agglutinated materials that then forms a clump in mucous that’s carried away w/ flow of material on mucosal surface
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Tonsils and adenoids form a ring of lymphoid tissues called

A

Waldeyer’s ring

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

You find largest mucosal surface in

A

GI tract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Describe commensal. What are the 5 things it does?

A
  • In GI tract
  • assist the gut in digesting food and maintaining health
  • synthesizes essential metabolites that we can’t
  • break down plant fibers in food
  • inactivate toxic substances in food or made by pathogens
  • inhibits pathogens
  • triggers immune response across epithelial border so you have an active immune response ready to go
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

M cells transport ___ and ___ from the gut lumen to ___

A

Microbes and antigens

Gut associated lymphoid tissue (to their antigens to DC and lymphocytes in peyer’s patch)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Steps for M cell to activated T cell

A
  1. M cells take up antigen by endocytosis and phagocytosis
  2. Antigen is transported across M cells in vesicles and released at basal surface
  3. Antigen is bound by DC, which activates T cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

DC can extend processes across the ___ to capture ___

A

Epithelial layer to capture antigen from intestinal lumen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Naive cells enter peyer’s patches via

A

HEV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Once B and T cells are stimulated in the peyer’s patch, they move to the ___, and then they’ll go to

A

mesentery lymph node

blood, heart, mucosal tissue

24
Q

all cells found in mucosal surfaces are

A

effector lymphocytes (CD8, CD4, DC, plasma cell, mast cell, macrophage)

25
Q

Steps for healthy tissue protected by mucosal immunity that’s infected by bacteria

A
  1. bacteria enter lamina propria by endocytosis and activate macrophage (NO INFLAMMATION)
  2. local effector cells respond, DC travel to mesentric lymph node to activate adaptive immunity
  3. effector B and T cells colonize
  4. infection’s terminated w/ minor tissue damage or no need to repair
26
Q

is there inflammation on mucosal surfaces? why?

A

No b/c it’s a single epithelial layer and you don’t want to inhibit the function

27
Q

What’s the cytokine along epithelium that’s produced by intestinal epithelium?

A

CCL25

28
Q

___ interacts w/ CCL25 and brings T cells back to mucosal surface due to chemical gradient

A

CCR9

29
Q

what are the 5 mechanisms of s-IgA

A
  • binds and exports toxins and pathogens from lamina propria and secretes them out
  • binds and neutralizes antigens in endosomes
  • on the gut surface, it can bind and neutralize pathogens and toxins
  • in the lumen, it can bind pathogen on M cell surface and take to lymphoid tissue
  • picks up antigen in endosomes of M cell and takes it to lymphoid tissue (takes to DC for presentation)
30
Q

Describe the subclasses of IgA

A

IgA1 - long fold region in antibody molecule
- produced in high amounts in areas where organism may produce IgA protease

IgA2 - short fold hinge that’s resistant to proteases

31
Q

When your body can’t produce IgA, what takes over its function?

A

IgM

32
Q

__ and ___ protects mucosal surface. This is ___ transport

A

IgM and IgA

Active transport

33
Q

Transport of IgG from blood to lamina propria to gut lumen is all due to ___ receptor releasing IgG vesicle into lumen

A

FcRn

34
Q

What proteins are similar to TLR? Where are they found? What do they bind? Function?

A

NOD1 and NOD2

Found in cytosol of enterocytes

Muramyl dipeptide

Binding of muramyl dipeptide stimulates NKkappa B to induce expression of cytokines which recruits neutrophils and monocytes

35
Q

In worms you want a ___ response

A

adaptive

36
Q

TH2 response against worms

A
  • triggers cell response w/ eosinophils or mast cells
  • produces IL-13 which induces epithelial cell repair and mucus
  • IL-5 recruits and activates eosinophils
  • drives B cells to produce IgE
  • Drives mast cell recruitment via IL-3 and IL-9
  • protective response
37
Q

TH1 response against worms

A
  • host damage
  • activates macrophages
  • produces IgG
  • can stimulate an antibody dependent cytotoxic effect
38
Q

anatomical features of mucosal immune system

A
  • intimate interactions between mucosal epithelia and lymphoid tissues
  • specialized antigen uptake by M cells
  • discrete compartments of diffuse lymphoid tissues and more organized structures
39
Q

effector mechanisms of mucosal immune system

A
  • activated effector T cells predominate even in absence of infection
  • plasma cells
40
Q

immunoregulatory environment

A
  • dominant and active downregulation of inflammatory immune response to food and other environmental antigens
  • inflammation anergic macrophages and tolerance inducing DC
41
Q

primary adaptive response produces __ effector cells and ___ memory cells. Can effector cells turn into memory cells?

A

More
Less

Yes

42
Q

Do you go through somatic hypermutation and affinity maturation in IgG, IgM, or both?

A

IgG

43
Q

Primary response produces ___ affinity IgM antibodies

A

Low

44
Q

naive B cell binding to pathogen coated w/ specific antibody resutlts in

A

naive B cell isn’t activated

No production of low-affinity IgM antibodies

45
Q

memory B cell binding to pathogen coated w/ specific antibody results in

A

Memory B cell activated

high affinity IgG, IgA, and IgE antibodies

46
Q

First pregnancy of Rh- mother and Rh+ fetus result in

A

healthy baby

47
Q

Second+ pregnancy of Rh- mother and Rh+ fetus results in

A

destruction of fetal erythrocytes

anemic newborn baby

48
Q

First and subsequent pregnancies of Rh- mother and Rh+ fetus and infused anti-Rh IgG results in

A

anti-Rh IgG binds fetal erythrocytes and interacts w/ FcgammaR which inhibits primary immune response, so NO FETAL ERYTHROCYTES DESTROYED

healthy baby

49
Q

T cells remain longer/shorter than antibody molecule

A

Longer

50
Q

marker on naive CD4 T cell

A

CD45RA

51
Q

Naive CD4 T cell and memory/effector CD4 T cell splicing

A

naive = CD45 exons are expressed

memory/effector = CD45 exons are spliced, so now it’s CD45RO

52
Q

central memory cells express/lack CCR7 and remain in the ___

A

express
lymphoid tissue

53
Q

Effector memory cells express/lack CCR7 and migrate to ___

A

lack
tissues

54
Q

Effector T cells can become

A

quiescent memory cells or they die

55
Q

gamma:delta T cells are located where? What are their steps activation?

A

gut epithelial layer

  1. infection of gut epithelial cell signals stress induced proteins
  2. bacteria go into gut and infected epithelial cell expresses MICs
  3. gamma:delta receptor and NK receptor NKG2D bind to MIC
  4. infected cell undergoes apoptosis and gamma:delta repairs wound
  5. dead cell’s replaced
56
Q

What happens if NK cell detects normal MHC class I? What if there’s a presence of MIC?

A

negative signals sent to cell and nothing happens

Positive signals sent to cell and NK cell releases granules which kills cells in the area

604 Immuno/Microbio - Exam 2 (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions