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Phys Exam 3 > 25 - Female Reproduction > Flashcards

25 - Female Reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

Like spermatogenesis, oogenesis is a meiotic process that begins during embryonic development and culminates in the formation of a single haploid _______ and “three” _______ _______.

A

Oocyte

Polar bodies

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2
Q

Primordial germ cells develop from the germinal epithelium of the indifferent gonad early in embryonic development. They migrate into the future ovaries and become _______.

A

Oogonia

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3
Q

Oogonia are surrounded by a single layer of nonterminal granulosa cells. The oogonium plus granulosa cells is called a _______ ________. The ovum is a _______ _______.

A

Primordial follicle

Primary oocyte

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4
Q

The primary oocyte begins the process of meiosis and becomes arrested at the _______ stage of _______. All primary oocytes are arrested here during embryonic development, and most will become atretic before birth.

A

Diplotene

Prophase I

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5
Q

After birth, only about _______ primary oocytes remain out of an initial number of oogonia cells of about seven million.

A

500,000

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6
Q

Beginning at puberty, one of these primary oocytes will compete the first stage of meiosis to become a ______ ________ + _______ _______.

A

Secondary oocyte

Polar body

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7
Q

Secondary oocytes complete the second half of meiosis and become ________ + _______ _______.

A

Ootid

Polar body

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8
Q

Fertilization occurs at the second _________ stage of oogenesis, therefore an immature egg is fertilized. Meiosis is not completed unless fertilization occurs.

A

Metaphase

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9
Q

In the ovarian phases, days 05-14 include…

A

Follicular growth

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10
Q

In the ovarian phases, day 14 includes…

A

Ovulation

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11
Q

In the ovarian phases, days 14-23 include…

A

Development of corpus luteum

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12
Q

In the ovarian phases, days 24-28 include…

A

Regression of corpus luteum

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13
Q

In the uterine phases, days 01-05 include…

A

Menstruation

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14
Q

In the uterine phases, days 04-14 include…

A

Proliferation

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15
Q

In the uterine phases, days 14-28 include…

A

Secretion

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16
Q

The duration of the menstrual is _____ days on average, but the range is 20-45.

A

28

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17
Q

The first stage in follicular growth is moderate enlargement of the _______ itself, which increases in diameter 2-3x. This is followed by growth of additional layers of granulosa cells in some of these follicles — ________ follicles.

A

Ovum

Secondary

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18
Q

Concentrations of both ______ and ______ increase slightly during first few days of cycle:

    • Increase in ______ is slightly greater than that of _____
    • ______ increase precedes increase in ______
A

FSH; LH
FSH; LH
FSH; LH

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19
Q

An increase in FSH and LH leads to the growth of multiple follicles. Follicles add multiple layers of _________ cells.

A

Granulosa

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20
Q

Granulose cells are spindle-shaped cells around follicles that form multiple layers around it. These layers are called…

A

Theca (interna and externa)

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21
Q

Early growth of follicle is stimulated mostly by ______.

A

FSH

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22
Q

In the theca interna, cells become epitheloid and develop the ability to secrete ________ and ________.

A

Estrogen progesterone

23
Q

In the theca (INTERNA/EXTERNA) will become the protective capsule of the developing follicle.

A

Externa

24
Q

Granulose cells secrete a follicular fluid containing a high concentration of ________. This causes an ________ to appear.

A

Estrogen

Antrum

25
Q

This hormone increases much less drastically than the other two sources. It is secreted in short pulses averaging once every 90 minutes, as occurs in males.

A

GnRH

26
Q

What are the anterior pituitary sex hormones?

A

FSH

LH

27
Q

What are the ovarian hormones?

A

Estrogen

Progesterone

28
Q

T/F. Female reproductive hormones are drastically different from males.

A

False. They are similar to males.

29
Q

Anterior pituitary sex hormones in females (FSH and LH) have almost no secretion throughout childhood. They combine with highly specific receptors in ovarian target cell membranes. Signal transduction involves _______ second messenger system in most instances leading to formation of ______ ______ and multiple phosphorylations.

A

cAMP

Protein kinase

30
Q

Ovarian hormones (estrogen and progesterone) are from primordial follicles surrounded by a single layer of granulosa cells. Throughout childhood these cells provide nourishment for the ovum. They secrete oocyte ________-________ factor that keeps ovum suspended in its primordial state.

A

Maturation-inhibiting

31
Q

This phase is also known as the estrogen phase and occurs before ovulation. Most of the endometrium has been desquamated at the beginning of the phase and the only epithelial cells left are those in the deeper portions of the glands and crypts.

A

Proliferative stage

32
Q

In the proliferative stage, ________ causes stromal and epithelial cells to rapidly proliferate. Endometrial surface is re-epithelialized within 4-7 days after the beginning of menstruation.

A

Estrogen

33
Q

In the proliferative stage, there is progressive thickening of the _________ due to increasing number of stromal cells and growth of endometrial glands. Endometrial glands, especially in cervical region, secrete a thin, stringy mucous.

A

Endometrium

34
Q

This phase is also known as the progesterone phase. Progesterone and estrogen are secreted in large quantities by the corpus luteum. Progesterone causes marked swelling and secretory development of the endometrium.

A

Secretory stage

35
Q

In the secretory stage, glands increase tortuosity and there is an excess of secretory substances that accumulates in glandular epithelial cells. This results in a highly secretory ________ that contains large amounts of stored nutrients.

A

Endometrium

36
Q

In the secretory stage, the uterine secretions or “______ ______” provide nourishment for the early dividing ovum.

A

Uterine milk

37
Q

During this phase, if the ovum is not fertilized then the corpus luteum suddenly involutes about 2 days before the end of the cycle and decreases secretion level. Reduction in estrogens and progesterones (especially progesterone) causes this phase.

A

Menstruation

38
Q

During ________, decreased stimulation of endometrial cells is followed by involution of the endometrium itself.

A

Menstruation

39
Q

24 hours before the beginning of the onset of menstruation, tortuous blood vessels leading to the mucosal layers become _________, leading to necrosis of the endometrium.

A

Vasospastic

40
Q

At puberty, estrogen secretions increase 20-fold and cause an increase in all female sex organs, as well as the uterus. Estrogens also caused marked proliferation of the endometrial stroma and endometrial _______ of the uterus.

A

Glands

41
Q

In the ______ ______, estrogen effects on the mucosal lining are similar as to the uterine endometrium. They cause the glandular tissues of this lining to proliferative, and they cause the number of ciliated epithelial cells that line it to increase.

A

Fallopian tubes

42
Q

________ cause (1) development of the stromal tissues of the breasts, (2) growth of an extensive ductile system, and (3) deposition of fat in the breasts.

A

Estrogens

43
Q

Estrogens inhibit osteoclastic activity in the bones and therefore stimulate bone growth. Another potent effect estrogens have on skeletal growth is that they cause the uniting of ________ with the shafts of the long bones.

A

Epiphyses

44
Q

After menopause, almost no estrogens are secreted by the ovaries. This estrogen deficiency leads to (1) increased osteoclastic activity in the bones, (2) decreased bone matrix, (3) decreased deposition of bone calcium and phosphate. In some women this effect is extremely severe, and the resulting condition is called…

A

Osteoporosis

45
Q

Estrogen causes a slight increase in total body ________, which is evidenced by a slight positive nitrogen balance when estrogens are administered.

A

Protein

46
Q

Estrogens increase the whole-body metabolic rate slightly, but not as much as caused by _________.

A

Testosterone

47
Q

Estrogens also cause deposition of increased quantities of ______ in the subcutaneous tissues. As a result, the percentage of body fat in the female body is considerably greater than that of the male body, which contains more protein.

A

Fat

48
Q

T/F. Estrogens do not greatly affect hair distribution.

A

True

49
Q

Estrogens cause the skin to develop a texture that is soft and usually smooth, but even so, the skin of a woman is ________ than that of a child or castrated female. Estrogens also cause the skin to become more vascular.

A

Thicker

50
Q

Estrogens, like aldosterone and some other adrenocortical hormones, cause sodium and water retention by the _______ ________. This effect of estrogens is normally slight and rarely of significance, but during pregnancy the tremendous formation of estrogens by the placenta may contribute to body fluid retention.

A

Kidney tubules

51
Q

A major function of ________ is to promote secretory changes in the uterine endometrium during the latter half of the monthly female sexual cycle, thus preparing the uterus for implantation of the fertilized ovum. It also decreases the frequency and intensity of uterine contractions, thereby helping to prevent expulsion of the implanted ovum.

A

Progesterone

52
Q

Progesterone also promotes increased secretion by the mucosal lining of the fallopian tubes. These secretions are necessary for ________ of the fertilized, dividing ovum as it traverses the fallopian tube before implantation.

A

Nutrition

53
Q

Progesterone promotes development of the lobules and alveoli of the _______, causing alveolar cells to proliferate, enlarge, and become secretory. It also causes the _______ to swell.

A

Breasts

Breasts

Phys Exam 3 (10 decks)

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