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Phys Exam 3 > 19 - Endocrine Principals > Flashcards

19 - Endocrine Principals Flashcards

1
Q

A (POLYPEPTIDE/PROTEIN) is less than 100 amino acids, and a (POLYPEPTIDE/PROTEIN) is more than 100 amino acids.

A

Polypeptide

Protein

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2
Q

Polypeptide and protein hormones are stored in secretory vesicles until needed. They are usually synthesized as preprohormones and are released via exocytosis usually mediated via ________ ions. Release for some may involve _______. Examples are GH, prolactin, and TSH.

A

Calcium

cAMP

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3
Q

This type of hormone is usually synthesized from cholesterol. It is lipid soluble and diffuses readily across cell membranes.

A

Steroids

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4
Q

Steroids consist of three ________ rings and one _______ ring.

A

Cyclohexyl

Cyclopentyl

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5
Q

With steroid hormones, large quantities of ________ esters are stored rather than hormones themselves.

A

Cholesterol

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6
Q

Amine hormones are derived from _______. They include thyroid and medullary hormones.

A

Tyrosine

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7
Q

Amine hormones are formed by actions of enzymes in cytoplasmic compartments of _______ cells.

A

Glandular

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8
Q

Thyroid hormones are incorporated into macromolecules of ________ and stored in thyroid gland follicles.

A

Thyroglobulin

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9
Q

_________ (epinephrine and norepinephrine) are formed in adrenal medulla and stored in vesicles until needed.

A

Catecholamines

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10
Q

What are the possible locations of receptors?

A

In or on surface of cell membrane
In cell cytoplasm
In cell nucleus

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11
Q

Down regulation of receptors (INCREASES/DECREASES) the target tissue’s responsiveness to the hormones. Number of active receptors may decrease because of increased hormone concentration and increased binding to receptors.

A

Decreases

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12
Q

Up regulation of receptors (INCREASES/DECREASES) the target tissue’s responsiveness to the hormones. Number of active receptors or intracellular signaling molecules may increase.

A

Increases

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13
Q

This type of receptor is used primarily by neurotransmitters. It is found in post-synaptic membrane and binding leads to conformation change resulting in opening of ion channels such as sodium, calcium, or potassium.

A

Ion-channel-linked receptors

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14
Q

This type of receptor is coupled with groups of cell membrane proteins called heterotrimeric GTP-binding proteins. All of these receptors have 7 transmembrane segments. Some are inhibitory, and some are stimulatory.

A

G protein-linked hormone receptors

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15
Q

This type of receptor can be used for lipid soluble hormones such as adrenal and steroidal hormones, thyroid hormones, retinoid hormones, and Vitamin D.

A

Intracellular hormone receptors

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16
Q

An activated hormone-receptor complex binds to ________ sequence of DNA.

A

Promoter

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17
Q

This type of receptor is a single-pass transmembrane receptor. The receptor part itself is extracellular, but it also has an intracellular enzyme which may be part of the receptor (intrinsic) or may be separate from the receptor.

A

Enzyme-linked hormone receptor

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18
Q

An example of an enzyme-linked hormone receptor is the _______ receptor, or ________. The transduction pathway requires tyrosine kinase (JAK family), which activates the transducer proteins (STAT).

A

Leptin

JAK-STAT

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19
Q

________ feedback prevents over-activity of hormone systems. Controlled variable is sometimes not the secretory rate of the hormone itself but the degree of activity of the target tissue. Feedback regulation of hormones can occur at all levels.

A

Negative

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20
Q

An example of (NEGATIVE/POSITIVE) feedback mechanism is the LH surge prior to ovulation.

A

Positive

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21
Q

Prior to ovulation, _______ stimulates the surge of LH. LH acts on ovaries to secrete more _______, then secreted ______ stimulates the release of more LH. Additional LH results in typical negative feedback.

A

Estrogen
Estrogen
Estrogen

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22
Q

In the adenyl cyclase – cAMP second messenger system, the binding of hormones with a receptor allows the coupling of the receptor to a _______.

A

G-protein

23
Q

A G-protein that stimulates the adenyl cyclase – cAMP system is called a _____ protein.

A

Gs

24
Q

The alpha subunit of the G protein activates the _______ _______, which catalyzes ATP to _______.

A

Adenyl cyclase

cAMP

25
Q

cAMP activates cAMP-dependent protein _______, which goes on to phosphorylate specific proteins. This system typically activates a cascade of enzymes. _____ proteins reduce the formation of ATP.

A

Kinase

Gi

26
Q

In this system, hormones activate transmembrane receptors that activate enzyme phospholipase C.

A

Cell membrane phospholipid second messenger system

27
Q

Phospholipase C is activated by a G protein, and it catalyzes the breakdown of phospholipids in the cell membrane. Specifically, it breaks down _______ into ______ and ______.

A

PIP2
IP3
DAG

28
Q

After PIP2 is broken down, this product mobilizes calcium ions from mitochondria and ER.

A

IP3

29
Q

After PIP2 is broken down, this product activates protein kinase C and a component of this is arachidonic acid.

A

DAG

30
Q

In this second messenger system, calcium entry may be initiated by changes in membrane potential that open calcium channels or a hormone interacting with membrane receptors that open calcium channels. Calcium then binds with _________, and when 3-4 binding sites are filled with this, it activates and inhibits protein kinases.

A

Calmodulin

31
Q

Steroid hormones diffuse across cell membrane and bind with receptor proteins in cytoplasm. Receptor protein-steroid complex diffuses into the nucleus, then the complex binds to ______.

A

DNA

32
Q

Thyroid hormones bind directly with receptors in the ________. This activates genetic mechanisms for many kinds of proteins, many of which enhance metabolic activity. Thyroid hormones, once bound to DNA, remain bound for days to weeks and continue to function.

A

Nucleus

33
Q

In the anterior pituitary, somatotropes (acidophils) can produce what?

A

HGF

34
Q

In the anterior pituitary, corticotropes can produce what?

A

ACTH

35
Q

In the anterior pituitary, thyrotropes can produce what?

A

TSH

36
Q

In the anterior pituitary, gonadotropes can produce what?

A

LH

FSH

37
Q

In the anterior pituitary, lactotropes can produce what?

A

Prolactin

38
Q

What is another name for the adenohypophysis?

A

Anterior pituitary

39
Q

What is another name for the neurohypophysis?

A

Posterior pituitary

40
Q

In the posterior pituitary, _________ neurons are located in the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei. ______ is formed primarily in the supraoptic nuclei, and _______ is formed primarily in the paraventricular nuclei.

A

Magnocellular
ADH
Oxytocin

41
Q

This hormone of the posterior pituitary causes contraction of the pregnant uterus. It aids in milk ejection (milk letdown) by acting on myoepithelial cells of mammary alveoli.

A

Oxytocin

42
Q

This controls the anterior pituitary via hormones called hypothalamic releasing and inhibitory hormones (factors).

A

Hypothalamus

43
Q

The hormones from the hypothalamus are conducted to the anterior pituitary by being secreted into the median eminence then diffused into the _________ portal system.

A

Hypothalamic-hypophyseal

44
Q

This is the collecting center for information concerning internal well-being of the body.

A

Hypothalamus

45
Q

Growth hormones increase the deposition of protein by _______ and _______ cells.

A

Chondrocytic

Osteogenic

46
Q

Growth hormones increase the rate of reproduction of _______ and _______ cells.

A

Chondrocytic

Osteogenic

47
Q

Growth hormones convert chondrocytes into ________ cells, as well as strongly stimulate _______.

A

Osteogenic

Osteoblasts

48
Q

Growth hormones effect protein synthesis by directly enhancing transport of ______ ______ through cell membranes into cytoplasm.

A

Amino acids

49
Q

T/F. Growth hormones effect protein synthesis by increasing RNA translation, increasing transcription rate, and decreasing protein catabolism.

A

True

50
Q

Growth hormone effects fatty acid mobilization by causing the release of fatty acids from adipose tissue and enhancing the conversion of fatty acids to ________.

A

Acetyl-CoA

51
Q

Growth hormone decreases glucose utilization by decreasing glucose uptake in the tissues such as _______ muscle and fat.

A

Skeletal

52
Q

Growth hormone increases glucose production by the liver and increases insulin secretion. GH effects are ________.

A

Diabetogenic

53
Q

Growth hormone causes liver to form ________ (proteins).

A

Somatomedins

54
Q

Factors known to stimulate _______ hormone secretion are:

    • Starvation (protein deficiency) – more important under chronic conditions
    • Hypoglycemia – more important under acute conditions
    • Exercise
    • Excitement
    • Trauma
    • Ghrelin (promotes appetite)
    • First two hours of deep sleep
A

Growth

Phys Exam 3 (10 decks)

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