24 - Male Reproduction

Question 1

Spermatogenesis is a meiotic process that culminates in the formation of (DIPLOID/HAPLOID) spermatids.

Answer 1

Haploid

Question 2

Primordial germ cells migrate into future testes and become _________.

Answer 2

Spermatogonia

Question 3

Spermatogonia begin mitotic division at puberty and become ________ _________.

Answer 3

Primary spermatocytes

Question 4

Primary spermatocytes complete the first half of meiosis and become ________ ________.

Answer 4

Secondary spermatocytes

Question 5

Secondary spermatocytes complete the second half of meiosis and become _________.

Answer 5

Spermatids

Question 6

Spermatids undergo differentiation to become _______ _______.

Answer 6

Mature sperm

Question 7

These cells are located within the seminiferous tubules.

Answer 7

Sertoli cells

Question 8

_______ cells act as nurse cells (sustentacular cells) that surround primary spermatocytes and “nurse” them through the process of spermatogenesis and spermatogenesis (differentiation of spermatids into mature sperm).

Answer 8

Sertoli

Question 9

Sertoli cells form _______ from testosterone, which is thought to be important for spermiogenesis.

Answer 9

Estrogens

Question 10

During spermatogenesis, which step first gives haploid cells?

Answer 10

End of meiosis I – Secondary spermatocytes

Question 11

Proacrosomal vesicles coalesce to form the acrosome, which contains _________ and proteolytic enzymes.

Answer 11

Hyaluronidase

Question 12

What moves to the base of forming flagellum and wrap around it?

Answer 12

Mitochondria

Question 13

The excess cytoplasm that is sloughed off from the forming sperm is called the…

Answer 13

Residual body

Question 14

Sperm cells are stored in the _______ until ejaculated. They must remain here for a minimum of 18 to 24 hours in order to gain motility.

Answer 14

Epididymis

Question 15

Passage through the epididymis requires several (HOURS/DAYS).

Answer 15

Days

Question 16

These are found in interstitial spaces in testes and they secrete testosterone.

Answer 16

Cells of Leydig

Question 17

Cells of Leydig are stimulated by ________ ________ secreted by the anterior pituitary.

Answer 17

Luteinizing hormone

Question 18

______ is also necessary for spermatogenesis.

Answer 18

FSH

Question 19

Male accessory glands include the…

Answer 19

Seminal vesicles

Prostate gland

Question 20

These are paired structures behind the prostate and each one is a loculated tube lined with secretory epithelium.

Answer 20

Seminal vesicles

Question 21

Seminal vesicles secrete a mucoid material that contains…

Answer 21

Fructose 
Citric acid 
Additional nutrients 
Prostaglandins 
Fibrinogen

Question 22

During emission and ejaculation, the contents of the seminal vesicles are emptied into ejaculatory ducts containing sperm. This is ______ percent of the total volume of semen.

Answer 22

60

Question 23

_______ provides energy for sperm, and ________ make cervical mucous more receptive to sperm movement and may cause retro-peristaltic contractions of uterus and fallopian tubes.

Answer 23

Fructose

Prostaglandins

Question 24

During emission and ejaculation, the prostate gland has _____ percent of the total volume of semen.

Answer 24

30

Question 25

The prostate gland has a milky fluid containing calcium, citrate ions, phosphate ions, clotting enzyme, and profibrinolysin. This fluid is slightly _______, which may help to neutralize acidity of other seminal fluids and vaginal secretions of the female.

Answer 25

Alkaline

Question 26

These are any steroid hormone that have masculinizing effects.

Answer 26

Androgens

Question 27

Androgens include…

Answer 27

Testosterone
Dihydrotestosterone
Androstenedione

Question 28

Androgens can be synthesized in the testes and adrenal glands from…

Answer 28

Cholesterol

Acetyl-CoA

Question 29

Cells of Leydig are numerous in newborn males and adult males after puberty but are almost nonexistent in testes during childhood. These cells produce…

Answer 29

Testosterone

Question 30

After secretion, 97 percent of testosterone is loosely bound with ________ or tightly bound with _______ _______.

Answer 30

Albumin

Beta globulin

Question 31

T/F. Testosterone circulates in blood for 30 minutes to several hours, then its transferred to tissues or degraded to inactive products that are subsequently secreted.

Answer 31

True

Question 32

Testosterone that enters tissues is mostly converted to _________, especially in prostate and in fetal external genitalia.

Answer 32

Dihydrotestosterone

Question 33

Testosterone that is not fixed in tissues is converted in the liver to _________ and _________. These are conjugated as either glucuronides or sulfates and excreted into the gut via bile or urine via kidneys.

Answer 33

Androsterone

Dehydroepiandrosterone

Question 34

This hormone is a 10-amino acid peptide produced by neurons located in the arcuate nuclei of the hypothalamus. It is transported to the anterior pituitary via the hypothalamic-hypophyseal system. It stimulates the anterior pituitary to produce LH (mostly) and FSH (gonadotropic hormones).

Answer 34

Gonadotropin-Releasing hormone (GnRH)

Question 35

This hormone is a glycoprotein that activates cAMP second messenger system in target tissues and causes sertoli cells to secrete testosterone. Testosterone has a negative feedback effect on the hypothalamus.

Answer 35

Luteinizing Hormone (LH)

Question 36

This is secreted by sertoli cells and inhibits secretion of FSH by the anterior pituitary. It also inhibits secretion of GnRH to a lesser extent.

Answer 36

Inhibin