24 Week Exam Review

Question 0

Studies examining certain traits are helping to clarify the nature-nurture debate. For example, because ____ have the same genes, researchers often include them in studies that examine the relative influence of environment and heredity on these traits.

Answer 0

Identical twins

Question 1

Compared with the structuralists, early behaviorists were much LESS likely to focus on the study of

Answer 1

Thinking

Question 2

Mrs. Thompson believes that her son has become an excellent student because she consistently uses praise and affection to stimulate his learning efforts. Her belief best illustrates a ___ perspective.

Answer 2

Behavioral

Question 3

How we meet our needs for love and acceptance

Answer 3

Humanistic

Question 4

How we store process and retrieve information

Answer 4

Cognitive

Question 5

How body and brain enable emotions and how genes combine with environment to influence individual differences.

Answer 5

Biological

Question 6

How behavior stems from unconscious drives and conflicts.

Answer 6

Psychodynamic

Question 7

In the Clark Doll Study, Kenneth and Mamie Clark presented young African-American children with two dolls (one black, one white) and asked the children questions about the dolls. The children all received the same questions in the experiment. The children’s attitudes about the dolls were the ____ variable and the questions that were asked were the ____.

Answer 7

dependent; control because dependent variables are the outcome factors. They are the variables that may change in response to manipulations of the independent variable. The dolls are the independent variables which are the experimental factors that are manipulated or the variable whose effect is being studied.
Control variables are the variables that stay the same and that is why the questions asked were control because they were all the same.
Confounding variables are not the answer because they are factors other than the independent variable that might produce an effect in an experiment and they weren’t relevant to this particular question.

Question 8

Professor Wade wants to design a project studying emotional response to date rape. He advertises for participants in the school newspaper, informs them about the nature of the study, gets their consent, conducts an interview, and debriefs them about the results when the experiment is over. If you were on the Institutional Review Board (IRB), which ethical consideration would you most likely have the most concern about in Professor Wade’s study?

Answer 8

anonymity-making sure the participant’s information is kept confidential and anonymous. He never tells them what he is going to do with their results, so this can be a ethical concern with what he is going to do with their information.

Question 9

Which of the following correlations between annual income and education level would best enable you to predict annual income on the basis of level of education?

Answer 9

+0.50 because with correlation coefficient, you are trying to find the number closest to either positive or negative one. In this case +0.50 is closer than the other numbers.

Question 10

Which of the following correlation coefficients expresses the strongest degree of relationship between two variables?

Answer 10

-0.67 because it is closer to -1 than any of the other answers.

Question 11

A researcher interested in proving a causal relationship between two variables should choose which research method?

Answer 11

Naturalistic observation because it is when you observe people in their natural setting. It is a casual way to observe, unlike the others like a survey, correlation, case study, experiment etc which require the participants to know they are being watched and are more involved with graphs and control variables.

Question 12

Rachel is field hockey captain and convinces the whole team to go to the haunted forest. Everyone else on the team thinks it’s a great idea, but Maddie doesn’t want to go. Eventually, she decides to go along with it for the sake of the group and she cries in the forest because she’s really scared. This is an example of:

Answer 12

Group think because that’s when everyone desires harmony so much that they agree even if they don’t want to or think they should. Maddie didn’t want to but did and ended up scared.

Question 13

When people do better in the presence of others

Answer 13

Social facilitation

Question 14

When beliefs get more extreme or people more excited about them the more they are discussed.

Answer 14

Group polarization

Question 15

Influence resulting from a person’s desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval.

Answer 15

Normative social influence

Question 16

Anton is the only juror to favor acquittal on a murder trial. To influence the majority, he should:

Answer 16

Be self-confident and consistent in expressing his viewpoint because self confidence is something that makes people think your argument is right even if it’s not if you make it sound like it is.

Question 17

Information is most quickly transmitted from one cerebral hemisphere to the other by the _.

Answer 17

corpus callosum

Question 18

The base of the brainstem and controls heartbeat and breathing.

Answer 18

Medulla

Question 19

Has to do with processing of auditory and visual input and language comprehension.

Answer 19

Angular gyrus

Question 20

Includes amygdala, hippocampus, and hypothalamus that are involved in processing and regulating emotions.

Answer 20

Limbic system

Question 21

Involved in regulating cardio system, breathing, sleep.

Answer 21

Reticular formation

Question 22

We tend to feel cheerful around happy people and sad around depressed people. This illustrates _.

Answer 22

Mood linkage because moods are “contagious.” The moods of others tend to rub off on those around them.

Question 23

When just being around someone or something makes you like them/it more

Answer 23

The mere exposure effect

Question 24

The expectation that people will help, not hurt those who have helped them.

Answer 24

Reciprocity norm

Question 25

Like how in a war one side constantly thinks the other is going to bomb them, and the other side thinks the same of their enemy.

Answer 25

Mirror-image perceptions

Question 26

When you’re more likely to do something based in what you get in return or what you get out of helping.

Answer 26

The social exchange theory

Question 27

Which region of the brain will a fMRI show as active when a person is looking at a photo?

Answer 27

Occipital lobes

Question 28

Portion of cerebral cortex, lie at back of head, includes areas that receive info from the visual fields. Looking at a photo is visual.

Answer 28

Occipital lobes

Question 29

Joins the two hemispheres of the brain and information is transmitted between the hemispheres because of it.

Answer 29

Corpus callosum

Question 30

Has to do with memory, emotion, perception.

Answer 30

Temporal lobes

Question 31

Take info from different senses to build an accurate picture of the world.

Answer 31

Parietal lobes

Question 32

Have substructure involved in attention, thought, voluntary movement, decision making, and language.

Answer 32

Frontal lobes

Question 33

Connect sensory and motor areas.

Answer 33

Association areas

Question 34

The auditory hallucinations experienced by people with schizophrenia are most closely linked with the activation of areas in which brain area?

Answer 34

Temporal lobes which have to do with recognition, perception, memory. Schizophrenia is the cognitive disorder most likely to result from disfunction in temporal lobes.

Question 35

The cognitive disorder most likely to result from disfunction in temporal lobes.

Answer 35

Schizophrenia

Question 36

Has to do with motor movements

Answer 36

Motor cortex

Question 37

Has to do with processing emotions and fear-learning.

Answer 37

Amygdala

Question 38

Regulates things like body temp and hunger.

Answer 38

Hypothalamus

Question 39

Registers body touch and movement.

Answer 39

Sensory cortex

Question 40

The function of dendrites is to _.

Answer 40

Receive incoming signals from other neurons

Question 41

A neuron’s branching extensions that receive messages and conduct impulses toward the cell body.

Answer 41

Dendrites

Question 42

Messages are transmitted from your spinal cord to your digestive system’s stomach muscles by the _.

Answer 42

Sympathetic nervous system

Question 43

The division of the autonomic nervous system that arouses the body, mobilizing it’s energy in stressful situations. It transmits messages and had to do with fight or flight.

Answer 43

Sympathetic nervous system

Question 44

A set of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream.

Answer 44

Endocrine system

Question 45

The brain and the spinal cord

Answer 45

Central nervous system

Question 46

Controls the body’s skeletal muscles.

Answer 46

Somatic nervous system

Question 47

A brief electrical charge/neural impulse that travels down the axon of a neuron is called the _.

Answer 47

Action potential

Question 48

The junction between the axon tip of the sending neuron and the dendrite or cell body of the receiving neuron.

Answer 48

Synapse

Question 49

A molecule that stimulates a response by binding to a receptor site.

Answer 49

Agonist

Question 50

A fatty tissue layer segmentally encasing the axons of some neurons; enables vastly greater transmission speed as neural impulses hop from one node to the next.

Answer 50

Myelin sheath

Question 51

A period of inactivity after a neuron has fired.

Answer 51

Refractory

Question 52

In creating more effective treatments for pain, researchers would use which of the following techniques for identifying regions of the brain that handle pain?

Answer 52

functional MRI (fMRI) because an fMRI looks at blood flow

Question 53

What does an fMRI look at?

Answer 53

Blood flow

Question 54

Shows brain anatomy

Answer 54

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

Question 55

Shows a slice of the brain’s structure

Answer 55

Computed tomography (CT)

Question 56

Shows electrical activity sweeping across the brain’s surface

Answer 56

Electroencephalogram (EEG)

Question 57

Destruction of brain tissue

Answer 57

Lesion

Question 58

Ostracism has been observed to intensify _.

Answer 58

Aggression

Question 59

The loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity

Answer 59

Deindividuation

Question 60

Recent brain research contradicts previously held beliefs, indicating that new neurons are actually formed in the brain. What is this process called?

Answer 60

Neurogenesis

Question 61

The formation of new neurons

Answer 61

Neurogenesis

Question 62

The brain’s ability to change especially during childhood by reorganizing after damage or by building new pathways based on experience.

Answer 62

Plasticity

Question 63

A neurotransmitter’s reabsorption by the sending neuron.

Answer 63

Reuptake

Question 64

A nerve network that travels through the brainstem and thalamus and plays an important role in controlling arousal.

Answer 64

Reticular formation

Question 65

Part of the myelin sheath which encases axons of some neurons and enables transmission speed.

Answer 65

Myelin cells

Question 66

A picture of a dog is briefly flashed in the left visual field of a split-brain patient. At the same time a picture of a boy is flashed in the right visual field. In identifying what she saw, the patient would be most likely to _.

Answer 66

Verbally report that she saw a boy because right visual field goes to left side. Since her brain is split, she’s going to verbally report that she saw a boy and not a dog because the boy was in her right visual field and the dog was in the left visual field.

Question 67

When brain researchers refer to neural plasticity, they are talking about _.

Answer 67

New connections forming in the brain to take over for damaged sections

Question 68

Prozac, a drug commonly prescribed to treat depression, prevents the sending neuron from taking in excess serotonin. Which process does this drug prevent from taking place?

Answer 68

Reuptake which is a neurotransmitter’s reabsorption by the sending neuron.

Question 69

When a neuron fires the first section of the axon opens its gates and then positively charged sodium ions flood through the cell membrane. This depolarizes that axon section, causing another axon channel to open and then another.

Answer 69

Depolarization

Question 70

A neuron’s reaction of either firing (with a full-strength response) or not firing

Answer 70

All-or-none response

Question 71

A neural impulse and a brief electrical charge that travels down an axon.

Answer 71

Action potential

Question 72

Which part of your brain receives information that you are moving your legs?

Answer 72

Sensory cortex

Question 73

Has to do with speech production

Answer 73

Broca’s area

Question 74

In 1861, Paul Broca studied a stroke patient he called “Tan.” He was called this because as a result of brain damage it was the only word he could pronounce. Based on Broca’s early work, which of the following brain regions is involved in speech production?

Answer 74

Left frontal lobe

Question 75

In the hypothesis “Students who study a list of terms in the morning, just after waking up, will recall more terms than students who study the list just before falling asleep,” what is the independent variable?

Answer 75

Time of day because the time of day is what matters in this experiment because it’s what the dependent variable, or results, are based off of.

Question 76

With regard to the process of neural transmission, a refractory period refers to a time interval in which _.

Answer 76

Dendrites transmit more electrical signals to axons.

This is because a refractory period is a period of inactivity after a neuron has fired. So during this time it’s like regrouping, when the dendrites transmit more signals in order to get the activity started again.

Question 77

The gradually escalating levels of destructive obedience in the Milgram experiments best illustrate one of the potential dangers of _.

Answer 77

The foot in the door phenomenon because once the experimenter asked the participants to shock a little bit, they were more likely to continue and to all the way. Once they complied to a smaller request, they were more likely later to comply to a larger more serious request which is what the foot in the door phenomenon is.

Question 78

When we attribute a person’s actions in a specific situation more to their disposition than the situation or circumstances around them.

Answer 78

The fundamental attribution error

Question 79

The tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present.

Answer 79

The bystander affect

Question 80

Professor Crisman believes that most women prefer tall and physically strong partners because this preference enhanced the survival of our ancestors’ genes. This viewpoint best illustrates the _ perspective.

Answer 80

Evolutionary because it has to do with natural selection and how women’s minds are trained to look for a physically strong partner who will be stick around and be able to take care of them and their kids.

Question 81

How situations and cultures affect our behavior and thinking.

Answer 81

Social-cultural perspective

Question 82

After Kato’s serious motorcycle accident, doctors detected damage to his cerebellum. Kato is most likely to have difficulty _.

Answer 82

Playing his guitar because a main function of the cerebellum is motor behavior and coordinating rhythmic movement and balance and enabling nonverbal learning and memory. It would be harder for Kato to coordinate his movement to strum his guitar and maybe even to remember music.

Question 83

Alzheimer’s disease is most closely linked to the deterioration of neurons that produce _.

Answer 83

Acetylcholine because with Alzheimer’s acetylcholine producing neurons deteriorate.

Question 84

Influences movement, learning, attention, and emotion.

Answer 84

Dopamine

Question 85

Adrenaline

Answer 85

Epinephrine

Question 86

Deal with pain and make you feel good like after running

Answer 86

Endorphins

Question 87

A major excitatory neurotransmitter involved in memory and oversupply can overstimulate the brain, which can cause migraines or seizures.

Answer 87

Glutamate

Question 88

Who would have been most likely to ignore mental processes and to define psychology as “the scientific study of observable behavior”?

Answer 88

John B. Watson
He did the Little Albert experiment where he observed the behavior of Albert and wanted to see if fear could be learned and manipulated.

Question 89

Edward Titchener

Answer 89

Structuralism

Question 90

Wilhelm Wundt

Answer 90

Studied atoms of the mind and started that German school

Question 91

Jean Piaget

Answer 91

Theory of cognitive development

Question 92

William James

Answer 92

Functionalist; how we adapt, survive, flourish

Question 93

In 1972, a British newspaper published pictures of a “Loch Ness Monster.” Many people readily perceived photographs of a floating tree trunk as the partially submerged monster. This illustrates the powerful influence of:

Answer 93

Perceptual set

Question 94

The expectation of a person to see or perceive something based on prior experience.

Answer 94

Perceptual set

Question 95

Nerve cells in the brain that respond to specific features of the stimulus such as shape, angle, or movement.

Answer 95

Feature detectors

Question 96

The minimum amount of stimulation a person needs to detect a stimulus 50% of the time is called the:

Answer 96

Absolute threshold

Question 97

Almost half the birds in the yard were brown cardinals and the rest were bright red cardinals, so Mike perceived them as two distinct groups of birds. This best illustrates the principle of

Answer 97

Similarity

Question 98

The cocktail party effect is your ability to selectively attend to one voice among many. This ability also illustrates the Gestalt principle of:

Answer 98

Figure and ground

Question 99

According to the gate-control theory, a back massage would most likely reduce your physical aches and pains by causing:

Answer 99

Activation of nerve fibers in your spinal cord

Question 100

The mechanical vibrations triggered by sound waves are transduced into neural impulses by:

Answer 100

Hair cells

Question 101

Visual information is processed by:

Answer 101

Ganglion cells before it is processed by feature detectors.

Question 102

By learning to associate a squirt of water with an electric shock, sea snails demonstrate the process of:

Answer 102

Classical conditioning which is that people and animals can learn to associate neutral stimuli with stimuli that produce reflexive involuntary responses.

Question 103

When after being classically conditioned but then it gets instinct, the response randomly comes back like a dog randomly salivating at the sound of a bell one day even if its owners haven’t used a bell for food in a while.

Answer 103

Spontaneous recovery

Question 104

What Bandura studied about how especially kids learn how to behave by watching others especially adults.

Answer 104

Observational learning

Question 105

A kind of learning based on the association of consequences with one’s behaviors.

Answer 105

Operant conditioning

Question 106

The first experimental studies of associative learning were conducted by:

Answer 106

Ivan Pavlov. He studied how dogs associated bell with food and salivated. (US, UR, classical conditioning).

Question 107

Person who had to do with intrinsic and extrinsic motivation

Answer 107

Edward Deci

Question 108

Coined the term operant conditioning and invented the __ box

Answer 108

Skinner

Question 109

In Alodus Huxley’s Brave New World, infants develop a fear of books after books are repeatedly presented with a loud noise. In this fictional example, the loud noise is an:

Answer 109

Unconditioned stimulus because it’s just a loud noise-it had no meaning until it became associated with books to make the infants afraid of the books.

Question 110

variable-ratio example

Answer 110

Inserting coins into a slot machine because you don’t know if you are going to win.

Question 111

Any stimulus that, when removed after a response, strengthens the response is called a:

Answer 111

Negative reinforcer because negative in this case means taking something away but it’s not necessarily bad and can result in strengthening a response.

Question 112

As you look at an apple, its reflected light travels to the eye. The rods and cones absorb the light and help transmit information to the brain. This process best illustrates…

Answer 112

Sensation

Question 113

The process by which our sensory receptors and nervous system receive and represent stimulus energies from our environment. When you look at an apple, the reflected light is the stimulus energy from our environment that our sensory receptors and nervous system receives and processes.

Answer 113

Sensation

Question 114

Info processing guided by higher level mental processes like when we construct perceptions drawing on our experience and expectations.

Answer 114

Top-down processing

Question 115

The process of organizing and interpreting sensory information. That enables us to recognize meaningful objects and events.

Answer 115

Perception

Question 116

The focusing of conscious awareness on a particular stimulus.

Answer 116

Selective attention

Question 117

The study of relationships between the physical characteristics of stimuli, such as their intensity, and our psychological experience of them.

Answer 117

Psychophysics

Question 118

William James was a prominent American…

Answer 118

Functionalist

Question 119

An early school of thought promoted by James and influenced by Darwin. It explored how mental and behavioral processes function, or how they enable the organism to adapt, survive, and flourish.

Answer 119

Functionalism

Question 120

To examine assumptions, discern hidden values, evaluate evidence, and assess conclusions is to engage in…

Answer 120

Experimentation

Question 121

Conducting experiments, or when a researcher/investigator manipulates one or more factors (independent variables) to observe the effect on some behavior or mental process (the dependent variable). The investigator is discerning hidden values, evaluating evidence, and assessing conclusions.

Answer 121

Experimentation

Question 122

Observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation.

Answer 122

Naturalistic observation

Question 123

Thinking that does not blindly accept arguments and conclusions. It instead examines assumptions, assesses the source, discerns hidden values, evaluates evidence, and assesses conclusions.

Answer 123

Critical thinking

Question 124

Coming up with hypotheses about what you think is going to happen in an experiment. For instance, in Bandura’s experiment you could generate the hypotheses that if the kid sees the adult beat the clown, then the kid will play aggressively and beat the clown as well.

Answer 124

Generating hypotheses

Question 125

Creating carefully worded statements of the exact procedures, or operations, used in a research study.

Answer 125

Creating operational definitions

Question 126

An animal trainer is teaching a miniature poodle to balance on a ball. Initially, he gives the poodle a treat for approaching the ball, then for placing its front paws on the ball, and finally only for climbing on the ball. The trainer is using the method of…

Answer 126

Successive approximations because he’s successively rewarding the dog for each right step taken.

Question 127

It’s easier to train a pigeon to peck a disk for a food reward than to flap its wings for a food reward. This illustrates the importance of __ in learning.

Answer 127

Biological predispositions because it’s more natural for a pigeon to use it’s beak to peck a disk and get food than flapping wings which have no relation to food. Pigeons can biologically associate pecking with food because food goes in their beak but not their wings.

Question 128

The tendency once a response has been conditioned for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses.

Answer 128

Generalization

Question 129

An operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior.

Answer 129

Shaping

Question 130

Dr. Roberts hypothesized that students in a classroom seating 30 would get higher course grades than students seated in an auditorium seating 300. In this example…

Answer 130

Classroom size has been operationally defined because in this context it’s a carefully worded statement of the exact procedures or operations used in a research study.

Question 131

Despite government warnings of a severe shortage of heating fuels, most citizens continue to turn up their home thermostats in the belief that their personal fuel consumption will have little effect on the country’s total fuel reserves. This reaction best illustrates the dynamics of…

Answer 131

Social trap because everyone’s pursuing their own personal self interests by keeping on turning up their heat rather than the interest of the group as a whole and it’s mutually destructive.

Question 132

The cognitive perspective would be likely to emphasize that classical conditioning depends on…

Answer 132

An organism’s active behavioral responses to environmental stimulation because cognition is about behavior and learning.