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MICR2209 > 24 - Vector Borne Diseases > Flashcards

24 - Vector Borne Diseases Flashcards

1
Q

Sporozoite

A

Infective stage from mosquito salivary gland

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2
Q

Hypnozoite

A

Dormant or slow-developing trophozoite of P. vivax

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3
Q

Schizont

A

Asexual, multiple fission stage in liver or blood

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4
Q

Merozoite

A

Product of schizont

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5
Q

Trophozoite

A

Asexual form in red blood cells

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6
Q

Microgametocyte

A

Male gametocyte producing microgametes

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7
Q

Exflagellation

A

Process of forming microgametes from microgametocyte

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8
Q

Macrogametocyte

A

Female gametocyte producing macrogametes

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9
Q

Zygote

A
  • Fertilised ovum
  • Fusion of micro and macrogametes
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10
Q

Ookinete

A

Motile zygote

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11
Q

Oocyst

A
  • Zygote with cyst wall
  • Produces sporozoites
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12
Q

Romanowsky stain

A

Mixture of dyes used to stain blood film of malaria

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13
Q

Schuffer’s dots

A

Pinkish, small round stippling: P. vivax & P. ovale

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14
Q

Incubation period

A

Interval between infection and first clinical manifestations

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15
Q

Pre-patent period

A

Minimum time between infection and appearance
of parasite in RBC

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16
Q

Relapse (recurrence)

A

Renewed manifestation of infection due to invasion of RBC by hynozoite

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17
Q

Recrudescence

A

Renewed manifestations of infection due to survival of
blood form

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18
Q

Latency

A

Duration between primary attack and relapse

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19
Q

Paroxysms

A

Bouts of malarial fever (cold, hot and sweating stages)

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20
Q

General characteristics of Malaria parasite

A
  • Obligate intracellular blood sporozoan parasite
  • Primarily tropical and sub tropical
  • Five human pathogenic species
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21
Q

Examples of human pathogenic species of malaria

A
  • Plasmodium falciparum
  • Plasmodium vivax
  • Plasmodium malariae
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21
Q

Species differentiation of malaria

A
  • Morphology and staining characteristic of various stages
  • Number of merozoites in blood schizont
  • Appearance of infected blood cell
  • Pathology
22
Q

Human liver stages of life cycle of Plasmodium species

A

Exo-erythrocytic cycle:
1. Mosquito takes a blood meal (injects sporozoites)
2. Infected liver cell
3. Schizont
4. Ruptured schizont

23
Q

Human blood stages of life cycle of Plasmodium species

A

Erythrocytic cycle:
5. Infect RBC
6. Ruptured schizont
7. Gametocytes
8. Mosquito takes a blood meal (ingests gametocytes)

24
Q

Mosquito stages of life cycle of Plasmodium species

A

Sporogonic Cycle:
9. Macrogametocyte enters microgametocyte, forming exflagellated microgametocyte
10. Ookinete
11. Oocyst
12. Ruptured oocyst, release of sporozoites

25
Q

Distinctive features of Plasmodium falciparum

A

Banana shaped gametocytes and can effect any stage of RBC

26
Q

Malaria transmission

A
  • Infective bite of female Anopheles mosquito during blood meal
  • Sporozoites injected via saliva
  • Infection through blood transfusion recorded, doesn’t cross placenta
27
Q

Malaria pathogenesis/clinical features

A
  • Results from infection of, and repeated cycles of replication in blood cells of susceptible host
  • Infected blood cells less deformable, sticky, carry less oxygen
  • Adhere to lining of blood vessels (blockage)
  • Massive destruction of blood cells (release toxic debris)
28
Q

Malaria diagnosis

A
  • Detection of early trophozoites (ring stages) and gametocytes in blood especially during febrile paroxysm
  • Immunochromatographic tests
  • PCR based tests
29
Q

Prevention of malaria

A
  • Control of vector by spraying insecticide
  • Barrier methods (bed nets at night)
  • Mass survey and chemotherapy and/or
    chemoprophylaxis
  • Vaccine
30
Q

How many protozoan diseases of man do we have
a vaccine for

A

1 (malaria, 18-36% efficacy)

31
Q

Malaria treatment

A
  • Excessive use of chloroquine led to widespread resistance
  • Frequent doses of antibiotics (doxycyclin) used as prophylaxis
32
Q

General characteristics of Babesiosis

A
  • Obligate intracellular blood sporozoan
  • Infection transmitted by ixodid ticks
  • Significant veterinary pathogen
  • Haemolytic anemia in animals
33
Q

Diagnosis of Babesiosis

A
  • Thin blood films, similar to malaria but get ‘Maltese cross’
  • Serological: Detect IgG and IgM, help differentiate to malaria
  • PCR based tests
34
Q

Kinetoplastid diseases

A

All belong to a specialised group of protozoan parasites that are recognisable by the specialised single mitochondrial body (Kinetoplast)

35
Q

Examples of Kinetoplastid diseases

A
  • Leishmaniasis
  • Chagas’ Disease
  • Sleeping sickness
36
Q

General characteristics of Leishmaniasis

A
  • Visceral (systemic infection, fatal unless treated)
  • Mucosal (progressive chronic destruction)
  • Cutaneous (usually self healing, scaring)
  • Diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis is incurable
  • Post Kala Azar Dermal Leishmaniasis
37
Q

Leishmania species

A

Obligate digenetic protozoal parasites that have a mammalian host and sand fly vector

38
Q

Leishmania life cycle in mammals

A
  1. Metacyclic promastigotes transferred during feeding
  2. Metacyclic promastigotes invade macrophages or granulocytes
  3. Promastigotes transform into amastigotes and multiply by simple division
  4. Asmastigotes leave infected cells, infect new macrophages and are transferred to sandfly
39
Q

Leishmania life cycle in female sandflies

A
  1. Amastigotes released into the midgut
  2. Amastigotes transform into procyclic promastigotes
  3. Procyclic promastigotes by simple division change into metacyclic promastigotes
  4. Promastigotes migrate to pharyngeal valve
40
Q

Causative agent of visceral leishmaniasis

A

Leishmania donovani complex

41
Q

Visceral leishmaniasis symptoms

A
  • Fatal
  • Onset of disease is gradual
  • Patients have a depressed cell mediated immunity
  • Death due to haemorrhage or secondary infection
  • Complete recovery leads to long lasting immunity
    to re-infection (due to persistent parasites)
  • No vaccines, prophylaxis or multi drug therapy
42
Q

L. major

A

Acute infection with a 3-6
months duration, wet lesions

43
Q

L. tropica

A

Chronic disease, lasts for a
year or longer, dry lesions that ulcerate

44
Q

L. aethiopica

A

Chronic disease often difficult to treat, dry lesions

45
Q

Treatment of Leishmaniasis

A
  • Anti leishmanial drugs all toxic
  • High levels of drug resistance
  • Pentavalent antimony
46
Q

Chagas’ disease

A
  • Trypanosoma cruzi
  • Parasites in heart muscles leading to cardiac failure
  • Parasites in nervous system leads to loss of control of alimentary canal
  • No treatment for chronic diseases
  • No vaccine or prophylaxis
47
Q

Trypanosoma cruzi life cycle in human

A
  1. Triatomine bug takes blood meal (passes metacyclic trypomastigotes in feces )
  2. Metacyclic trypomastigotes penetrate various cells at bite wound cite and transform into amastigotes
  3. Amastigotes multiply by binary fission in cells of infected tissues
  4. Intracellular amastigotes transform into trypomastigotes then burst out of cell and enter blood
48
Q

Trypanosoma cruzi life cycle in triatomine bug

A
  1. Triatomine bug takes blood meal (trypomastigotes ingested)
  2. Epimastigotes in midgut
  3. Multiply in midgut
  4. Metacyclic trypomastigotes in hindgut
49
Q

African trypanosomes

A
  • Haemoflagellates of Africa
  • Vector-borne, confined to
    where the vector, (tsetse fly)
    breeds
  • Causes African sleeping sickness
50
Q

African trypanosomes stages

A
  • Various stages: in
    insect or blood
  • Only trypomastigote, the typical, slender form occurs in human
  • Inhabits blood, lymph
    nodes, cerebrospinal
    fluid
51
Q

Pathogenesis/clinical features of T. gambiense

A
  • Inflammation at site of
    inoculation
  • 3 progressive stages (blood, lymph
    nodes and CNS)
  • Fever with headache
  • Daytime sleeping
  • Coma
  • Death in years
52
Q

‘miracle drug’ effective against T. gambiensie

A

Eflornithine

MICR2209 (26 decks)

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