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MICR2209 > 2 - Immunity and the immune system > Flashcards

2 - Immunity and the immune system Flashcards

1
Q

what was the first vaccine and who made it

A

Edward Jenner (“father of immunology”). Used cowpox to vaccinate against the related smallpox virus

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2
Q

Variolation

A

Samples from smallpox pustules were introduced into healthy individual through nose or skin

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3
Q

What is the only disease to have been eradicated through vaccination

A

Smallpox

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4
Q

What is the most effective method for protecting individuals against infections

A

Stimulating immune responses against microbes through vaccination

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5
Q

Immunity

A

mechanisms used by the body as protection against environmental agents that are foreign

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6
Q

4 functions of the immune response

A
  • Immunological recognition: presence of an infection must be detected
  • Contain infection and if possible, eliminate it, via various immune effector functions
  • Immune regulation limits damage to the host by the immune response to antigen. Failure of this regulation contributes to abnormal
    immune responses and autoimmune diseases
  • The adaptive immune system generates immunological memory
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7
Q

Immunological memory

A

Exposure to an infectious agent produces an immune response that can persist, and protect the host in a subsequent exposure

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8
Q

Levels of defence of the body

A
  • Anatomic barriers (Skin, respiratory epithelium, intestine)
  • Complement/antimicrobial proteins (C3, defensins)
  • Innate immune cells (macrophages, granulocytes, natural killer cells)
  • Adaptive immunity (B cells/antibodies, T cells)
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9
Q

Innate immunity

A

recognition by preformed, non-specific effectors (natural)

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10
Q

Adaptive immunity

A

Stimulated by exposure to pathogens. Capable of adapting
magnitude and defensive capabilities (specific, acquired)

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11
Q

Examples of innate immunity cells

A
  • Epithelial barriers
  • Mast cells
  • Phagocytes
  • Dendritic cells
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12
Q

Examples of adaptive immunity cells

A
  • B lymphocytes and plasma cells
  • T lymphocytes and effector T cells
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13
Q

Haematopoietic stem cells (HSCs)

A

Give rise to red and white blood cells

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14
Q

First division of HSCs

A

Myleoid/erythroid progenitor and lymphoid progenitor, then cells with progressively more limited potential

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15
Q

Colony stimulating factors (CSFs) and interleukins

A

Affect differentiation and maturation

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16
Q

Platelets

A

Involved in blood clotting and inflammation

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17
Q

Mast cells

A

Release of granules containing histamine and active agents

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18
Q

Eosinophils

A

Killing of antibody coated parasites

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19
Q

Neutrophil

A

Phagocytosis and activation of bactericidal mechanisms

20
Q

Basophil

A

Function in inflammatory events and allergies

21
Q

Macrophage

A

Ingest and kill foreign cells, participants in immune reactions

22
Q

Dendritic cell

A

Process foreign matter and present it to lymphocytes

23
Q

B cells

A
  • Each B cell expresses a B cell receptor (BCR, membrane bound immunoglobulin) with a unique specificity (identical antigen binding sites)
  • Activated B cells can act as professional antigen presenting cells (APC) (present antigen and co-stimulatory molecules to T cells)
23
Q

Effector B cells

A

Plasma cells (antibodies producing cells)

24
Q

T cells

A
  • Each T cell expresses a T cell receptor (TCR)
  • Recognises only processed pieces of antigens bound to cell membrane proteins
  • Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) molecules
25
Q

Three types of T cells

A
  • Helper T lymphocyte
  • Cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL)
  • Regulatory T lymphocyte
26
Q

Effect of helper T lymphocytes

A
  • Activation of macrophages
  • Inflammation
  • Activation of B lymphocytes
27
Q

Effect of CTL

A

Killing of infected cell

28
Q

Effect of regulatory T lymphocyte

A

Suppression of other lymphocytes

29
Q

What do Red and white blood cells arise from

A

stem cells in bone marrow

30
Q

Where do B and T cells differentiate

A
  • B cells: bone marrow
  • T cells: Thymus
    (primary lymphoid organs)
31
Q

Where do haematopoietic stem cells originate

A

foetal tissues and, in adults, reside primarily in the bone marrow of the axial skeleton

32
Q

Functions of bone marrow

A
  • Production of blood cells
  • Maintenance of HSCs
  • Modulation of skeletal remodelling
33
Q

Thymus

A
  • Thymocytes develop in the bone marrow mature in the thymus, and become T cells
  • T cells migrate to peripheral lymphoid organs, where they can be activated
  • Atrophy (degeneration) begins at puberty and continues throughout life (lower immunity in elderly)
34
Q

Where are lymph nodes located

A

Along lymphatic vessels (drains lymph from tissues back to the circulation

35
Q

What brings antigens to lymph nodes

A

Antigen presenting cells (APCs) via lymphatics

36
Q

Lymph nodes

A
  • Naïve lymphocytes (which have not yet encountered antigen) circulating the blood enter the lymph node and are activated by antigen presenting cells
37
Q

Spleen

A
  • Trap and respond to blood borne antigens
  • Antigens and lymphocytes are carried into the spleen via the splenic artery (not by lymphatic vessels)
38
Q

Spleen red pulp

A

Sinuses containing macrophages that phagocytose aged/abnormal erythrocytes and remove microorganisms from the bloodstream

39
Q

Spleen white pulp

A
  • Lymphoid tissue arranged around central arterioles
  • B-cell follicles and periarteriolar lymphoid sheath (PALS), which is populated by T cells
40
Q

Mucosal associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)

A

Includes:
- GALT (Gut associated lymphoid tissue)
- BALT (Bronchus associated lymphoid tissue)
- NALT (Nasal associated lymphoid tissue)
- SALT (Skin associated lymphoid tissue)

41
Q

Autoimmune diseases

A

Diseases against self

42
Q

Hypersensitivity diseases

A

Abnormal immune responses

43
Q

Myeloid lineage cells

A
  • Neutrophil
  • Eosinophil
  • Basophil
  • Macrophage
  • Dendritic cell
  • Mast cell
44
Q

Lymphoid lineage cells

A
  • B and T cells
  • Innate lymphoid cells (including natural killer cells)
45
Q

Secondary lymphoid organs

A

lymph nodes, spleen and lymphoid tissues associated with mucosa

MICR2209 (26 decks)

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