2.4: Life in a global economy

Question 1

What is globalisation?

Answer 1

The process through which an increasingly free floe of ideas, people, goods, services and capital leads to the integration of economies and societies.

Question 2

What is FDI?

Answer 2

Foreign direct investment.
When businesses or governments invest in other countries.

Question 3

Describe the role of increasing FDI on globalisation.

Answer 3

Funds are coming from one country and being used to finance investment project in other countries.

Question 4

Describe the role of world trade rising on globalisation.

Answer 4

World GDP increased over the last few decades due to economic growth. World trade has increased due to globalisation.

Question 5

Describe the role of increased migration on globalisation.

Answer 5

Globalisation has seen increased movement of people as they move to places where there are job opportunities.
Has been made easier by the breakdown of authoritarian regimes and the creation of trading blocks with reduced trade barriers between countries.

Question 6

Describe the critics view of globalisation.

Answer 6

Focus on the unhealthy dominance of US and European corporate culture across the globe.
See a process by which rich western economies exploit less well-endowed nations.
See images of low-paid sweatshop workers that symbolise all that is wrong with globalisation.

Question 7

Describe the supporters’ view of globalisation.

Answer 7

Brings wealth and development to many countries.
Has made billions of people around the world better off in both financial and material ways.
Interdependence may bind countries together and help maintain peace and stability on a global level.

Question 8

What is the IMF?

Answer 8

International monetary fund co-ordinates the international monetary system.
Tries to maintain stability, and provide adequate finance for world trade to continue without interruption.

Question 9

What is the World Bank?

Answer 9

Lends to developing countries i order to fund projects which will help them to raise incomes and make their economies more efficient.

Question 10

What is the WTO?

Answer 10

The World Trade Organisation.
Supervises world trading arrangements and trade negotiations and helps to resolve disputes between governments.

Question 11

Capital market liberalisation

Answer 11

Promoted by the IMF as a means of stimulating economic growth in developing countries
FDI helps both big businesses and governments to expand productive capacity

Question 12

Interdependence

Answer 12

Economic instability can spread from one economy to another.
Eg: Asian financial crisis in the late 1990s

Question 13

Containerisation

Answer 13

Reduced cost of transport and communication have made it easier and cheaper to communicate with other countries = amount of trade increases
Containerisation = reduced transport costs
Cheap air travel and telecoms

Question 14

Multinational corporations

Answer 14

Businesses that are active in more than one country
May have distribution outlets or factories abroad or may offer services that are bought by organisations etc located in other countries

Question 15

Outsourcing

Answer 15

Buying inputs from foreign suppliers, or locating the whole production process abroad
Objective=exploit cost savings

Question 16

BRICS

Answer 16

Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa
Large, fast-growing economies with a significant influence on regional and global affairs

Question 17

China’s growth

Answer 17

Led by investment and exports but this relies on rest of world being able to buy ouput
Recession reduced China’s exports
Now aiming for slower, more sustainable growth, relying more on domestic demand

Question 18

Russian economy

Answer 18

Many problems - poltical events and the West’s subsequent sanctions and falling oil and gas prices
Rouble fallen in value
Exports to Russia dropped sharply

Question 19

Brazil economy

Answer 19

Reliea heavily on selling commodities
Falling demand and volatile commodity prices slowed Brazil’s growth rate
Progress depends on developing manufacturing

Question 20

India’s growth

Answer 20

A rapid spurt followed ny slowing growth
Expected to increase in future

Question 21

GDP per capita

Answer 21

GDP divided by population and gives rough idea of how wealthy a country is
Not always helpful - some countries appear wealthy but there may be huge levels of inequaloty

Question 22

HDI

Answer 22

3strands
Income - GDP per capita at PPP, giving an idea of population’s living standards
Life expectancy - An indicator of population’s health
Years spent in school - indicates population’s level of education

Question 23

Liyeracy rates

Answer 23

Percentage of adults who can read and write

Question 24

Health indicators

Answer 24

Infant mortality rates
Incidence od disease
Access to clean water

Question 25

Mobile phone use

Answer 25

Can lead to economic dvlpment in remote areas

Question 26

Specialisation

Answer 26

People make the most of their skills by concentarting on those goods and services where they have an advantage

Question 27

Advantages of specialisation

Answer 27

Leads to increased output and efficiency Economies of scale are gained as output increases Goods and services produced more cheaply Compt adv increased Competition helps to lower price and drive innovation

Question 28

Disadvantages of specialisation

Answer 28

Can lead to over reliance on one area of economy Compt adv can move elsewhere Emerging economies usually rely heavily on one commodity product Fluctuating commodity prices can be problem Reliance on imports for other goods and services Demand for export falls, structural unemployment ,ay be severe

Question 29

Free trade areas

Answer 29

Groups of countries that trade completely freely with each other, with no trade barriers, each member country retains its own trade policies in relation to rest of world

Question 30

Common markets

Answer 30

Completely free trade internally and a common external free trade policy Free movement of goods, services, peopl and capital

Question 31

Exports

Answer 31

Goods and sevices produced by us that we sell to a foreign country

Question 32

Imports

Answer 32

Goods and services that we buy from a foreign country

Question 33

Visible export/import

Answer 33

Can be touched and handled - physocal good

Question 34

Invisible export/import

Answer 34

Cannot be touched or handled - service

Question 35

Trade surplus

Answer 35

Positive balance of trade Export > import

Question 36

Trade deficit

Answer 36

Negative balance of trade Export < import

Question 37

Benefits of cheap imports

Answer 37

Allows countries to achieve higher standards of living by obtaining goods and services from most efficient sources - creating consumer choices Raise stamdards of living because consumer has more disposable income to spend Producers able to source cheaper raw materials and components from abroad - cut costs and be more competitve, creating employment, income and wealth Keeps inflation low

Question 38

Negatives of cheap imports

Answer 38

Can harm domestic industry as consumers substitute cheaper foreign goods for more expensive home products Domestic businesses will leave market

Question 39

Changes in ex rate

Answer 39

High exports = high demand for that currency = strong currency High imports = high supply for og currency = weak currency

Question 40

Impact of changing ex rates on firms

Answer 40

Flexible + vary over time - can be a source of great uncertainty Ex rate rises = domestic businesses lose competitiveness compared to imports Fall in ex rates make imports more competitive