2.4 electrons, bonding and structure

Question 1

ionic bonding

Answer 1

oppositely charged ions held together by electrostatic attractions
form oppositely charged ions as metal donates electrons and the non-metal gains electrons
*metal and non-metal

Question 2

molecular ions

Answer 2

OH- hydroxide
NO3- nitrate
NH4+ ammonium
SO4 2- sulfate
CO3 2- carbonate

Question 3

giant ionic structures

Answer 3

regular structure
cubic shape
giant repeating pattern

Question 4

ionic compound solubility

Answer 4

most ionic compounds dissolve in water as water molecules are polar they can attract the positive and negative ions and break up the structure

Question 5

ionic compound electrical conductivity

Answer 5

conduct electricity when molten or dissolved in solution as ions are mobile and free to move and carry charge

Question 6

ionic compounds melting point

Answer 6

HIGH melting point as there are many strong electrostatic forces between oppositely charge ions, lots of energy needed to overcome these forces

Question 7

covalent bonding

Answer 7

sharing of outer electron(s) in order for atoms to obtain full outer shell
*non-metals
electrostatic attraction between shared electrons and nucleus
single, double, triple bonds represented by lines

Question 8

dative covalent or coordinate bonds

Answer 8

when ONE atom donates 2 electrons to an atom or ion to from a bond

Question 9

s sub-shell

Answer 9

1 orbital, hold 2 electrons
SPHERICAL

Question 10

p sub-shell

Answer 10

3 orbitals, hold 2 x 3 electrons (6)
DUMBBELL

Question 11

d sub-shell

Answer 11

5 orbitals, hold 2 x 5 electrons (10)

Question 12

f sub-shell

Answer 12

7 orbitals, hold 2 x 7 electrons (14)

Question 13

how many electrons can each shell hold?

Answer 13

shell 1 = 2
shell 2 = 8
shell 3 = 18
shell 4 = 32

Question 14

spin-pairing

Answer 14

when two electrons occupy 1 orbital, they ‘spin’ in opposite directions