Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

2: ENRP Exam 2 > 24: Adrenals > Flashcards

24: Adrenals Flashcards

1
Q

adrenal gland gross changes with ACTH-dependent cushing syndrome

A

bilateral cortical hyperplasia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

things that can cause secondary hyperaldosteronism

A

anything that activates RAAS: diuretics, decreased renal perfusion, hypovolemia, pregnancy, renin-secreting tumors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what bacteria causes Watrhouse-Friderichsen syndrome

A

Neisseria meningiditis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

POMC is cleaved into which two hormones

A

ACTH + melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Explain Nelson syndrome

A
  1. have a pituitary tumor that is releasing lots of ACTH -> causes hyperplastic adrenals
  2. Hyperplastic adrenal glands removed bc this is thought to be the issue
  3. exogenous cortisol given, but ACTH is still real high, causing chronic pigmentation issues and eventually other signs of pituitary tumor (think mass effect)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what is the major cancer that metastasizes to the adrenals?

A

melanoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

cells of the adrenal medulla and what they produce

A

chromaffin cells: epi and norep (catecholamines)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

if you incidentally discover an adrenal mass, what do you look at?

A
  1. size >4cm
  2. blood test: cortisol, aldosterone, metanephrines
  3. CT enhancement characteristics
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

mutation that causes familial medullary thyroid carcinoma

A

gain of fx of RET (specific mutation) (same gene as MEN2a/2b)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

more than ___% of pts with MEN2A or 2B get ____.

A

95% get medullary thyroid carcinoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

why is the pineal gland considered the third eye?

A

composed of photoreceptor-containing neural tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

function of pineal gland

A

melatonin secretion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

three tumors that can appear in the pineal gland

A

germ cell tumors, pineocytoma, pineoblastoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

short vs long-term stress response of the HPA axis and adrenal cortex

A
  1. short term stress: preganglionic symp fibers stimulate medulla -> catecholamine release
  2. long term stress: CHR -> ACTH -> mineralocorticoids and glucocorticoids
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

mineralocorticoid function

A

retention of Na and water -> increased blood volume and BP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

glucocorticoid fx on glucose

A

convert proteins and fat to glucose to be broken down -> increase blood glucose

17
Q

breakdown of the RAAS

A
  1. decreased renal perfusion -> kidney makes RENIN
  2. RENIN converts ANGIOTENSINOGEN to ANGIOTENSIN I
  3. ACE converts ANGIOTENSIN I to ANGIOTENSIN II
  4. ANGIOTENSIN II stimulates adrenal cortex to make ALDOSTERONE
18
Q

MC cause of ambiguous genitalia in a genetically female infant

A

congenital adrenal hyhperplasia

19
Q

what metabolic precursor builds up in CAH?

A

17-OH-progesterone

20
Q

paraganglioma

A

tumor outside the adrenals that acts like a pheochromocytoma (releases catecholamines, or are non-secreting)

21
Q

diagnostic test for pheochromocytomas and paragangliomas

A

plasma fractionated free metanephrines

22
Q

inheritance pattern of von hippel lindau

A

AD

23
Q

features of Von Hippel Lindau

A

pheochromocytomas, retinal capillary hemangiomas, CNS hemangioblastomas, renal cysts/RCC

24
Q

alpha and beta blockers in treating pheochromocytomA

A

always give alpha blocker first -> then beta blocker. If you give BB first, will lead to further elevation of BP

25
Q

what three conditions should patients with incidental adrenal gland tumors be tested for?

A

cushing syndrome, hyperaldosteronism, phenochromocytoma

26
Q

adrenal cortical carcinoma presentation

A

virilization

27
Q

what does waterhouse-friedrichsen syndrome cause?

A

acute adrenocortical insufficiency / adrenal crisis

28
Q

four important labs in acute adrenocortical insufficiency

A

high K, low Na and glucose, metabolic acidosis

29
Q

Autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome 1 vs 2

A

1: adrenalitis, parathyroiditis, hypogonadism, pernicious anemia, candidiasis, ectodermal dystrophy
2. adrenalitis, thyroiditis, DM1

30
Q

size of adrenal cortical carcinoma

A

usually 200+ grams, much larger than an adenoma

31
Q

Conn syndrome other name

A

primary hyperaldosteronism

32
Q

renin in primary hyperaldosteronism

A

low

33
Q

histo of primary hyperaldosteronism

A

spironolactone bodies

34
Q

hormone levels in CAH

A

high T, low cortisol and aldosterone

35
Q

myelolipoma

A

benign tumor of the adrenal medulla that can present with painful hemorrhage

2: ENRP Exam 2 (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions