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Biology Unit 2 > 2.4 Adaptation for nutrition > Flashcards

2.4 Adaptation for nutrition Flashcards

1
Q

Define autotrophic

A

-organism that produces its own food
-it manufactures complex organic compounds from simpler inorganic molecules (h2o and co2)

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2
Q

Name 2 types of autotrophic organisms

A

-hetero
-photo

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3
Q

What is a photoautotrophic organism?

A

An organism which obtains its nutrition through photosynthesis

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4
Q

What is a chemoautotrophic organism?

A

An organism which obtains its nutrition through inorganic molecules in the absence of light

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5
Q

Define heterotrophic

A

An organism that cannot produce its own food. Obtains energy by feeding on organic compounds produced by other organisms.

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6
Q

What is a saprotroph?

A

An organism that feeds by extracellular digestion

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7
Q

Describe extracellular digestion by saprotrophs

A

-Release enzymes which catalyse the breakdown of dead plant and animal material into simpler organic matter
-Absorb the products of digestion

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8
Q

Define holozoic

A

Describes a heterotrophic organism that internally digests food substances

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9
Q

What process does holozoic nutrition involve?

A

-ingestion
-digestion
-absorption
-assimilation
-egestion

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10
Q

Define ingestion

A

Process which organisms take food into their bodies

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11
Q

Define digestion

A

Process which large, insoluble molecules are broken down into smaller, soluble molecules that can be absorbed across cell membranes

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12
Q

Name 2 types of digestion

A

1.mechanical
2.chemical

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13
Q

What is mechanical digestion?

A

Type of digestion involving physically breaking down food material into smaller pieces. Increases total surface area for chemical digestion

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14
Q

What is chemical digestion?

A

Type of digestion that involves breaking down large, insoluble molecules into smaller, soluble molecules using enzymes

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15
Q

What is assimilation?

A

The synthesis of biological compounds from absorbed simpler molecules

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16
Q

Define absorption

A

Movement of useful substances into bloodstream

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17
Q

Define egestion

A

Removal of undigested waste material from the body

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18
Q

What is a hydra?

A

Small, multicellular, freshwater organism of the phylum Cnidaria

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19
Q

Describe the structure of Hydra

A

-Basic, undifferentiated sac like gut
-single opening, surrounded by tentacles, serves as a mouth and anus
-single gut cavity (entron)

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20
Q

Outline the process of digestion in Hydra

A

-Hydrolytic enzymes secreted into the entron by the endodermis
-extracellular digestion partially digests food molecules
-partially digested food transported (phagocytosis) into endodermal cells where intercellular digestion occurs
-undigested material tested from the entron via single opening

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21
Q

Describe the shape of the gut in more complex organisms

A

Tube like, 2 openings, mouth for ingestion and anus for egestion

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22
Q

What type of diet is the mean gut adapted to?

A

Omnivorous diet consisting of plant and animal material

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23
Q

State the names of different layers of the gut wall

A

1.Epithelium
2.Mucosa
3.Submucosa
4.Muscle layer
5.Serosa

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24
Q

What is the epithelium?

A

Single layer of cells that line the gut wall

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25
Describe the structure of the mucosa layer of the gut wall
-mucosa membrane lining the gut wall -contains glands that secrete digestive enzymes, mucus and an acid or alkaline liquid that provides an optimum pH
26
Describe the structure of the sub-mucosa layer of the gut wall
-layer of the connective tissue below the mucous membrane -contains blood vessels and lymph for the transport of digestion product and glands that secrete an alkaline fluid
27
Describe the muscle layer of the human gut
a layer of circular and longitudinal muscles beneath the submucosa
28
Explain the action of circular and longitudinal muscles in peristalsis
the contraction of the circular muscle behind the bolus offload and the relaxation of the longitudinal muscle in front forces food down the gut
29
What is the serosa?
the tough, protective layer that surrounds the gut
30
What is the buccal cavity?
The oral cavity through which food enters the body
31
Which type of digestion take place in buccal cavity?
1. mechanical digestion 2.chemical digestion of starch
32
What is the normal pH range of the buccal cavity?
6.5-7.5
33
What is the function of the teeth?
crush and grind food into smaller pieces, increasing its surface area
34
What is the tongue?
a muscular organ in the buccal cavity that is vital in the chewing and swallowing of food
35
Describe the function of salivary glands
secrete amylase, mineral ions and mucus into buccal cavity
36
What is the function of the oesophagus?
carries food from buccal cavity to the stomach by peristalsis
37
Describe the processes that take place in the stomach
1. mechanical digestion (mixing and grinding) 2. chemical digestion of protein
38
What type of glands are found in the stomach?
gastric glands
39
What is the function of gastric glands?
secretes endopeptidases, hydrochloric acid and an alkaline mucus into the stomach
40
What is the normal pH of the stomach?
2
41
What is the role of the liver
secretes bile into small intestine via the gall bladder and bile duct
42
Describe the composition and function of bile
-consists of bile salts and an alkaline fluid -neutralises stomach acid, providing an ideal pH for lipase
43
State the 2 main divisions of the small intestine
1. duodenum 2. ileum
44
What is the duodenum?
the first section of the small intestine where protein and lipids are hydrolysed
45
What is the ileum?
the second section of the small intestine that serves as a main site of the absorption of the products of digestion
46
What is the normal pH range of the small intestine?
7-8
47
What is the pancreas and where is it located?
a gland situated behind the stomach
48
Describe the role of the pancreas
secretes enzymes and an alkaline fluid into the duodenum via pancreatic duct
49
What is the large intestine also called?
colon
50
Describe the function of the colon
reabsorbs water and minerals from the waste material
51
What is the rectum?
the segment of the large intestine that stores faeces prior to egstion
52
Which enzymes are involved in carbohydrate digestion and where is it located?
-amylase in saliva and pancreatic juice -maltase, sucrase, lactase on the membrane of the epithelial cells of the small intestine
53
What is the optimum pH of amylase?
8
54
What enzymes are involved in protein digestion?
-endopeptidases -exopeptidases
55
What are the roles of the enzymes involved in protein digestion? (end/exo)
endopeptidase = hydrolyse non-terminal peptide bonds within a protein to form smaller peptide exopeptidase = hydrolyse the terminal peptide bonds of a protein to form dipeptide and amino acids
56
Give examples of endopeptidases
-trypsin -pepsin
57
How is trypsin produced?
-secreted by the pancreas as inactive trypsinogen -enterokinase converts inactive trypsinogen into active trypsin in the duodenum
58
Name the inactive form of pepsin
pepsinogen
59
Where is pepsinogen secreted from?
gastric glands
60
Describes how inactive pepsinogen is converted into its active form = pepsin
hydrochloric acid concerts inactive pepsinogen into active pepsin
61
Where are lipids digested?
small intestine
62
What must happen before lipids can be digested?
-must be emulsified by bile salt produced by liver -this breaks down large fat molecules into smaller soluble molecules (micelles) increasing surface area
63
Where are lipase found?
pancreatic juice
64
State the processes by which absorption takes place in the ileum
-simple diffusion -facilitated diffusion -active transport -osmosis
65
What molecules are absorbed by simple diffusion in the ileum?
monoglycerides, fatty acids and glycerol
66
Describe the adaptations of herbivore to a high cellulose diet
-long gut -loose articulation of lower jaw -horny pad on upper jaw -specialised dentition for grinding tough plant material
67
Describe how the dentition of a herbivore is adapted to its diet
-small, flat incisors on lower jaw for cutting grass against upper horny pad -diastema between incisors and premolars; separates fresh grass from the cud and enables manipulation of food by the tongue -premolars and molars have a large surface area and sharply ridged biting surfaces for grinding plant material
68
What are ruminants?
mammals that digest plant material slowly in specialised 4 chambered stomach and regurgitate it to chew again, enabling efficient breakdown of fibre
69
Name 4 chambers of the ruminant stomach
1. rumen 2. reticulum 3. omasum 4. abomasum
70
Describe the rumen
-first stomach -contains mutualistic bacteria that are able to hydrolyse cellulose into glucose
71
Describe the adaptations of carnivores to a high protein diet
-short gut -powerful jaw muscles -specialised dentition for cutting and tearing meat
72
Describe how the dentition of a carnivore is adapted to its diet
-sharp incisors to remove flesh from bone -large, pointed canines required to grip and kill prey -sharp carnassials to slice and shear meat -molars with sharp, flattened edges to crush bone
73
Name 2 types of parasites
ectoparasites and endoparasites
74
What are ectoparasites with examples?
parasites that live on the host e.g. head louse
75
What are endoparasites with examples?
parasites that live in the host e.g. tapeworm
76
How does the head louse feed and transfer from one host to another?
-feeds by sucking blood from the hosts scalp -transfers between hosts by direct contact
77
Where does the pork tapeworm live?
-primary host = adult tapeworm lives in the human gut -secondary host = larval form can develop in pigs
78
How can humans and pigs become infected by the pork tapeworm?
-humans= consuming undercooked pork -pigs= ingesting contaminated faeces
79
How does the pork tapeworm feed?
absorbs pre-digested nutrients in the gut through its cuticle

Biology Unit 2 (4 decks)

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