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Biology Unit 2 > 2.4 Adaptation for nutrition > Flashcards

2.4 Adaptation for nutrition Flashcards

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1
Q

Define autotrophic

A

-organism that produces its own food
-it manufactures complex organic compounds from simpler inorganic molecules (h2o and co2)

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2
Q

Name 2 types of autotrophic organisms

A

-hetero
-photo

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3
Q

What is a photoautotrophic organism?

A

An organism which obtains its nutrition through photosynthesis

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4
Q

What is a chemoautotrophic organism?

A

An organism which obtains its nutrition through inorganic molecules in the absence of light

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5
Q

Define heterotrophic

A

An organism that cannot produce its own food. Obtains energy by feeding on organic compounds produced by other organisms.

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6
Q

What is a saprotroph?

A

An organism that feeds by extracellular digestion

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7
Q

Describe extracellular digestion by saprotrophs

A

-Release enzymes which catalyse the breakdown of dead plant and animal material into simpler organic matter
-Absorb the products of digestion

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8
Q

Define holozoic

A

Describes a heterotrophic organism that internally digests food substances

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9
Q

What process does holozoic nutrition involve?

A

-ingestion
-digestion
-absorption
-assimilation
-egestion

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10
Q

Define ingestion

A

Process which organisms take food into their bodies

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11
Q

Define digestion

A

Process which large, insoluble molecules are broken down into smaller, soluble molecules that can be absorbed across cell membranes

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12
Q

Name 2 types of digestion

A

1.mechanical
2.chemical

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13
Q

What is mechanical digestion?

A

Type of digestion involving physically breaking down food material into smaller pieces. Increases total surface area for chemical digestion

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14
Q

What is chemical digestion?

A

Type of digestion that involves breaking down large, insoluble molecules into smaller, soluble molecules using enzymes

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15
Q

What is assimilation?

A

The synthesis of biological compounds from absorbed simpler molecules

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16
Q

Define absorption

A

Movement of useful substances into bloodstream

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17
Q

Define egestion

A

Removal of undigested waste material from the body

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18
Q

What is a hydra?

A

Small, multicellular, freshwater organism of the phylum Cnidaria

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19
Q

Describe the structure of Hydra

A

-Basic, undifferentiated sac like gut
-single opening, surrounded by tentacles, serves as a mouth and anus
-single gut cavity (entron)

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20
Q

Outline the process of digestion in Hydra

A

-Hydrolytic enzymes secreted into the entron by the endodermis
-extracellular digestion partially digests food molecules
-partially digested food transported (phagocytosis) into endodermal cells where intercellular digestion occurs
-undigested material tested from the entron via single opening

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21
Q

Describe the shape of the gut in more complex organisms

A

Tube like, 2 openings, mouth for ingestion and anus for egestion

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22
Q

What type of diet is the mean gut adapted to?

A

Omnivorous diet consisting of plant and animal material

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23
Q

State the names of different layers of the gut wall

A

1.Epithelium
2.Mucosa
3.Submucosa
4.Muscle layer
5.Serosa

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24
Q

What is the epithelium?

A

Single layer of cells that line the gut wall

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25
Q

Describe the structure of the mucosa layer of the gut wall

A

-mucosa membrane lining the gut wall
-contains glands that secrete digestive enzymes, mucus and an acid or alkaline liquid that provides an optimum pH

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26
Q

Describe the structure of the sub-mucosa layer of the gut wall

A

-layer of the connective tissue below the mucous membrane
-contains blood vessels and lymph for the transport of digestion product and glands that secrete an alkaline fluid

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27
Q

Describe the muscle layer of the human gut

A

a layer of circular and longitudinal muscles beneath the submucosa

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28
Q

Explain the action of circular and longitudinal muscles in peristalsis

A

the contraction of the circular muscle behind the bolus offload and the relaxation of the longitudinal muscle in front forces food down the gut

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29
Q

What is the serosa?

A

the tough, protective layer that surrounds the gut

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30
Q

What is the buccal cavity?

A

The oral cavity through which food enters the body

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31
Q

Which type of digestion take place in buccal cavity?

A
  1. mechanical digestion
    2.chemical digestion of starch
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32
Q

What is the normal pH range of the buccal cavity?

A

6.5-7.5

33
Q

What is the function of the teeth?

A

crush and grind food into smaller pieces, increasing its surface area

34
Q

What is the tongue?

A

a muscular organ in the buccal cavity that is vital in the chewing and swallowing of food

35
Q

Describe the function of salivary glands

A

secrete amylase, mineral ions and mucus into buccal cavity

36
Q

What is the function of the oesophagus?

A

carries food from buccal cavity to the stomach by peristalsis

37
Q

Describe the processes that take place in the stomach

A
  1. mechanical digestion (mixing and grinding)
  2. chemical digestion of protein
38
Q

What type of glands are found in the stomach?

A

gastric glands

39
Q

What is the function of gastric glands?

A

secretes endopeptidases, hydrochloric acid and an alkaline mucus into the stomach

40
Q

What is the normal pH of the stomach?

A

2

41
Q

What is the role of the liver

A

secretes bile into small intestine via the gall bladder and bile duct

42
Q

Describe the composition and function of bile

A

-consists of bile salts and an alkaline fluid
-neutralises stomach acid, providing an ideal pH for lipase

43
Q

State the 2 main divisions of the small intestine

A
  1. duodenum
  2. ileum
44
Q

What is the duodenum?

A

the first section of the small intestine where protein and lipids are hydrolysed

45
Q

What is the ileum?

A

the second section of the small intestine that serves as a main site of the absorption of the products of digestion

46
Q

What is the normal pH range of the small intestine?

A

7-8

47
Q

What is the pancreas and where is it located?

A

a gland situated behind the stomach

48
Q

Describe the role of the pancreas

A

secretes enzymes and an alkaline fluid into the duodenum via pancreatic duct

49
Q

What is the large intestine also called?

A

colon

50
Q

Describe the function of the colon

A

reabsorbs water and minerals from the waste material

51
Q

What is the rectum?

A

the segment of the large intestine that stores faeces prior to egstion

52
Q

Which enzymes are involved in carbohydrate digestion and where is it located?

A

-amylase in saliva and pancreatic juice
-maltase, sucrase, lactase on the membrane of the epithelial cells of the small intestine

53
Q

What is the optimum pH of amylase?

A

8

54
Q

What enzymes are involved in protein digestion?

A

-endopeptidases
-exopeptidases

55
Q

What are the roles of the enzymes involved in protein digestion? (end/exo)

A

endopeptidase = hydrolyse non-terminal peptide bonds within a protein to form smaller peptide
exopeptidase = hydrolyse the terminal peptide bonds of a protein to form dipeptide and amino acids

56
Q

Give examples of endopeptidases

A

-trypsin
-pepsin

57
Q

How is trypsin produced?

A

-secreted by the pancreas as inactive trypsinogen
-enterokinase converts inactive trypsinogen into active trypsin in the duodenum

58
Q

Name the inactive form of pepsin

A

pepsinogen

59
Q

Where is pepsinogen secreted from?

A

gastric glands

60
Q

Describes how inactive pepsinogen is converted into its active form = pepsin

A

hydrochloric acid concerts inactive pepsinogen into active pepsin

61
Q

Where are lipids digested?

A

small intestine

62
Q

What must happen before lipids can be digested?

A

-must be emulsified by bile salt produced by liver
-this breaks down large fat molecules into smaller soluble molecules (micelles) increasing surface area

63
Q

Where are lipase found?

A

pancreatic juice

64
Q

State the processes by which absorption takes place in the ileum

A

-simple diffusion
-facilitated diffusion
-active transport
-osmosis

65
Q

What molecules are absorbed by simple diffusion in the ileum?

A

monoglycerides, fatty acids and glycerol

66
Q

Describe the adaptations of herbivore to a high cellulose diet

A

-long gut
-loose articulation of lower jaw
-horny pad on upper jaw
-specialised dentition for grinding tough plant material

67
Q

Describe how the dentition of a herbivore is adapted to its diet

A

-small, flat incisors on lower jaw for cutting grass against upper horny pad
-diastema between incisors and premolars; separates fresh grass from the cud and enables manipulation of food by the tongue
-premolars and molars have a large surface area and sharply ridged biting surfaces for grinding plant material

68
Q

What are ruminants?

A

mammals that digest plant material slowly in specialised 4 chambered stomach and regurgitate it to chew again, enabling efficient breakdown of fibre

69
Q

Name 4 chambers of the ruminant stomach

A
  1. rumen
  2. reticulum
  3. omasum
  4. abomasum
70
Q

Describe the rumen

A

-first stomach
-contains mutualistic bacteria that are able to hydrolyse cellulose into glucose

71
Q

Describe the adaptations of carnivores to a high protein diet

A

-short gut
-powerful jaw muscles
-specialised dentition for cutting and tearing meat

72
Q

Describe how the dentition of a carnivore is adapted to its diet

A

-sharp incisors to remove flesh from bone
-large, pointed canines required to grip and kill prey
-sharp carnassials to slice and shear meat
-molars with sharp, flattened edges to crush bone

73
Q

Name 2 types of parasites

A

ectoparasites and endoparasites

74
Q

What are ectoparasites with examples?

A

parasites that live on the host e.g. head louse

75
Q

What are endoparasites with examples?

A

parasites that live in the host e.g. tapeworm

76
Q

How does the head louse feed and transfer from one host to another?

A

-feeds by sucking blood from the hosts scalp
-transfers between hosts by direct contact

77
Q

Where does the pork tapeworm live?

A

-primary host = adult tapeworm lives in the human gut
-secondary host = larval form can develop in pigs

78
Q

How can humans and pigs become infected by the pork tapeworm?

A

-humans= consuming undercooked pork
-pigs= ingesting contaminated faeces

79
Q

How does the pork tapeworm feed?

A

absorbs pre-digested nutrients in the gut through its cuticle

Biology Unit 2 (4 decks)

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