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Biology Unit 2 > 2.2 Adaptations for gas exchange > Flashcards

2.2 Adaptations for gas exchange Flashcards

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1
Q

How does an organisms size relate to its surface area to volume ratio?

A

Larger organism, lower SAtVR

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2
Q

Why do larger organisms need mass transport and specialised gas exchange surfaces ?

A

-small SAtVR
-diffusion insufficient to provide cells with the required oxygen and to remove all co2
-larger organisms are more active than small

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3
Q

State 4 features of a efficient gas exchange surface

A

LSSV
1. Large surface area
2.Short diffusion distance
3.Steep diffusion gradient
4.Ventilation mechanism

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4
Q

Describe the gas exchange mechanism in earthworms

A

-cylindrical, multicellular organisms with relatively small SAtVR
-slow moving and low metabolic rate there needs little oxygen
-relies on EXTERNAL SURFACE for gas exchange
-circulatory system transports oxygen to tissues and removes co2, maintaining steep diffusion gradient.

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5
Q

Describe the gas exchange mechanism in flatworms

A

-multicellular organism
-relatively small SAtVR
-flat structure provides large surface area and reduce diffusion distance
-simple diffusion = sufficient to meet demands of respiratory processes

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6
Q

Define ventilation

A

flow/movement of fresh air into a space and stale air out of a space to maintain a steep concentration gradient of o2 and co2.

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7
Q

Name the organ of gaseous exchange in fish

A

Gills

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8
Q

what are gill filaments

A

-main site of gaseous exchange in fish which water flows
-they overlap to gain resistance to water flow -> slows water flow to maximise gaseous exchange
-found in large stacks (gill plates), have gill lamellae that provides large SA and good blood supply for exchange

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9
Q

Whats the process of ventilation in BONY fish?

A

-buccal cavity volume increases
-pressure decreases to allow water flowing in
-contraction of buccal cavity forces water across the gills
-pressure in gill cavity rises, opening the operculum, water leaves

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10
Q

How is a steep diffusion gradient maintained across the entire gas exchange surface in BONY fish?

A

Counter current flow

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11
Q

Define counter current flow

A

Blood and water flow in OPPOSITE directions cross gill plate

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12
Q

What type of flow is exhibited in cartilaginous fish?

A

Parallel flow

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13
Q

Define parallel flow

A

Water and blood flow in SAME direction across gill plate

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14
Q

Compare counter current and parallel flow

A

CCF (5)
-W+B flow in opposite direction across gill plate
-steep diffusion gradient maintained, allows oxygen across whole gill plate
-high diffusion rate
-more efficient = more o2 absorbed into blood
-bony fish

PF(5)
-W+B flow in same direction across gill plate
-diffusion gradient not maintained so diffusion of oxygen does not occur across whole plate
-lower rate of diffusion
-less efficient so less oxygen absorbed in blood
-found in cartilaginous fish (shark)

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15
Q

Name the main features of an insects gas transport system

A

-spiracles
-tracheae
-tracheoles

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16
Q

describe the main features of an insects gas transport system

A

S = small, external opening along the thorax and abdomen through which air enters and water and air leave the gas exchange system
T= large tubes extending through all body tissues supported by rings of chitin to prevent it collapsing
T=small branches dividing off tracheae

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17
Q

What is the main site of gas exchange in insects?

A

Tracheoles

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18
Q

Describe the adaptations of insect tracheal system to terrestrial environment

A

-Spiracles can open or close to regulate diffusion.
-Bodily contractions speed up the movement of air through the spiracles.
-Highly branched tracheoles provide a large surface area
-impermeable cuticle reduces water loss by evaporation

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19
Q

Describe the ventilation of the tracheal system in insects

A
  1. Expansion of the abdomen opens the thorax spiracles (air enters) and closes the abdominal spiracles.
  2. Compression of the abdomen closes the thorax spiracles and opens the abdominal spiracles (air is expelled)
20
Q

Compare the gas exchange surface of an active and inactive amphibian

A

AA= simple lungs
IA= replies on its moist external surface for gas exchange

21
Q

How are mammal adapted for gas exchange ?

A

Alveoli provides large surface area and thin diffusion pathway to maximise volume of oxygen absorbed from one breath.
Plenty supply of deoxygenated blood, maintaining steep concentration gradient.

22
Q

Describe the structure and function of the LARYNX

A

-hollow, tubular structure
-located at top of trachea
-involved in breathing and phonation

23
Q

Describe the TRACHEA and its function in mammalian gaseous exchange system

A

-primary airway that carries air from the nasal cavity down into chest
-wide tube supported by C-shaped cartilage to keep air passage open during pressure changes
-lined by ciliated epithelial cells which moves mucus towards back of throat to be swallowed
-prevents lung infections

24
Q

Describe structure of bronchi

A

-Divisions of trachea that leads into lungs
-narrower than trachea
-supported by rings of cartilage and lined by ciliated epithelial cells and goblet cells

25
Q

What is the primary gaseous exchange surface in humans?

A

Alveoli

26
Q

Describe the ALVEOLI in the mammalian gaseous. exchange system

A

-mini air sacs lined with epithelial cells
-walls one cell thick
-good blood supply to maintain a steep diffusion gradient
-300 million each lung

27
Q

What are the pleural membranes?

A

Thin, moist layers of tissue surrounding pleural cavity that reduce friction between lungs and inner chest wall

28
Q

Define pleural cavity

A

Space between pleural membrane of lung and inner chest wall

29
Q

Describe ventilation in humans

A

-movement of fresh air into lungs and stair air out of lungs via inspiration and expiration
-via negative pressure breathing

30
Q

What are internal intercostal muscles?

A

Set of muscles found between ribs on inside that are involved in forced exhalation.

31
Q

What are external intercostal muscles?

A

Set of muscles found between ribs on outside involved in forced quiet inhalation.

32
Q

Explain the process of inspiration and the changes that occur throughout the thorax

A

-external intercostal muscles contract (internal relax), raising the ribcage
-diaphragm contracts and flattens
-outer pleural membrane moves out, reducing pleural cavity pressure and pulling inner membrane out
-alveoli expands, alveolar pressure falls below air pressure so air moves into trachea

33
Q

What is surfactant?

A

Fluid lining the surface of the alveoli that reduces surface tension and prevents collapse of alveoli during exhalation

34
Q

Describe the function of the WAXY CUTICLE

A

Reduces water loss from leaf surface

35
Q

Describe how the upper epidemic is adapted for photosynthesis

A

-Layer of transparent cells allow light to strike the mesophyll tissue
-Epidermal cells synthesise the waxy cuticle, reducing water loss

36
Q

Where is the palisade mesophyll layer located?

A

Directly below the upper epidermis

37
Q

How is the palisade mesophyll layer adapted for photosynthesis?

A

Receives the most light so contains the greatest concentration of chloroplast

38
Q

How is the spongy mesophyll layer adapted for photosynthesis?

A

-Contains air spaces that reduce the diffusion distance for co2 to reach chloroplasts in palisade layer
-contains some chloroplasts

39
Q

What is a vascular bundle?

A

Vascular system in dicotyledonous plants. Consists of 2 transport vessels (xylem and phloem)

40
Q

Why are vascular bundles vital in photosynthesis?

A

They form a large network to deliver water and nutrients to photosynthetic tissues and remove glucose

41
Q

Describe how the lower epidermis is adapted for photosynthesis

A

Contains many stomata which enable the evaporation of water and inward diffusion of co2

42
Q

What are stomata?

A

Small holes found on leaves that can be opened/closed by guard cells to control gas exchange and water loss

43
Q

By what mechanism do K+ ions enter guard cells?

A

Active transport

44
Q

How does accumulation of K+ and malate ions affect guard cells?

A

-lowers water potential of guard cells
-water moves in by osmosis
-guard cells become turgid, opening stomata

45
Q

Why is starch vital for stomatal opening?

A

Starch is converted to malate ions

Biology Unit 2 (4 decks)

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