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EES 115 Frank Pazzaglia > 2.4. (9/2) Clay minerals, saprolite, and soils (Origin of sediments) > Flashcards

2.4. (9/2) Clay minerals, saprolite, and soils (Origin of sediments) Flashcards

1
Q

What are the chemical ways to erode a rock?

A
  • rainwater dissolves
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2
Q

List a sand factory

A

Biota
Soil
Saprolite
Core stones
Weathering front
Solid rock

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3
Q

Which acid does water and carbon dioxide make?

A

carbonic acid H2CO3

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4
Q

What kind of acid is H2CO3?

A

a simple, weak one

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5
Q

Is rainwater pH neutral?

A

no, it is weakly acidic (pH 5)

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6
Q

What is pH?

A
  • A measure of how basic or acidic a solution is
  • it is taking the negative log of the concentration of hydrogen ions -log(H+)
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7
Q

How do we know something is acidic? basic? neutral?

A

acidic: low pH
basic: high pH
neutral: 7

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8
Q

Which pH has more hydrogen ions?

A

acidic

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9
Q

what kind of relationship does pH have with hydrogen ions?

A

inverse

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10
Q

what kind of scale does pH have?

A

log scale at a factor of 10

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11
Q

What is the pH of carbonic acid?

A

A little under 5

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12
Q

Why is rainwater acidic?

A

Because it interacts with carbon dioxide

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13
Q

What are organisms doing to the organic material in the soil?

A

roots, fungi, and microbial communities are decomposing organic material in the soil

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14
Q

Which gas is released as a function of decomposition? how?

A

carbon dioxide through respiration

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15
Q

What are soils high in?

A

pCO2 environment

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16
Q

what does the p stand for in pCO2?

A

partial pressure of carbon dioxide gas

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17
Q

What is the parts per million of CO2 in the atmosphere?

A

about 420 ppm (partial pressure)

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18
Q

What is the partial pressure of CO2 in the soil?

A

10^4 - 10^5 ppm

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19
Q

What happens in the soil when it rains?

A
  • when rainwater soaks into the soil, it picks up many more hydrogen ions
  • soil water is more acidic than rainwater
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20
Q

Why might there be a big thick soil in one area but not another

A

positive feedback

21
Q

What is critical to weathering reactions?

A

making a weak acid: carbon dioxide, hydrogen ions, and water

22
Q

What is pyroxene?

A

a silicate

23
Q

What kind of reactions are these:
1. CaSiO3 (wollastonite (silicate)) + 2Co2 + H2O -> Ca(2+) + SiO2 (aq) (silica) + 2HCO3(-)
2. CaCO3 (calcite (limestone, chemical sediment)) +CO2 +H2O -> Ca (2+) + 2HCO3 (-) (bicarbonate)

A

congruent dissolutions

24
Q

What is congruent dissolution?

A

You pull a mineral apart and do not make another solid

25
Where do dissolution reactions occur?
soil to weathering front
26
where does the initial dissolution attack occur?
weathering front
27
What kind of reaction is this: 2FeO4 (magnetite Fe(2+)) + 1/2O2 + 4HCO3(-) + 4H(+) -> 3Fe2O3 (hematite Fe(3+) + 4H2CO3
oxidization (redox)
28
What is an example of an incongruent reaction?
Hydrolysis
29
What is an incongruent reaction?
hydrogen ion in aqueous solution (acid) that dissolves some of a mineral and creates a new mineral
30
What kind of reaction is this: 2KALSi3O8 (orthoclase feldspar) +2H(+) + 9H2O <-> H4Al2Si2O9 (kaolinite clay) + 4H4SiO4 + 2K(+)
Hydrolysis
31
How is gibbsite made?
By adding acid to kaolinite clay
32
What kind of reaction is this: H4Al2Si2O9 (kaolinite clay) + H(+) + H2O <-> 2Al(OH3) + 4H4SiO2
Hydrolysis (not balanced)
33
What is CaSiO3?
wollastonite (silicate)
34
What is 2HCO3(-)
bicarbonate
35
What is SiO2?
dissolved silicon dioxide
36
What is CaCo3?
limestone, chemical sediment (calcite)
37
What is H2CO3?
carbonic acid
38
What is 2Fe3O4?
Magnetite Fe(2+)
39
What is Fe2O3?
Hematite Fe(3+)
40
What is KAlSi3O8?
Orthoclase feldspar
41
What is H4Al2Si2O9?
Kaolinite clay
42
What is H4SiO4?
silica
43
What is Al(OH3)?
Gibbsite
44
What is a reduction?
gain of electron
45
what is oxidation
loss of electron
46
What is chelation?
the action of organic acids moving metals through soil with bonds
47
What is EDTA?
Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid
48
What produces EDTA
plants, roots, fungi
49
What kind of reaction is this:
chelation

EES 115 Frank Pazzaglia (21 decks)

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