1.1/2/3. (8/26-30) Minerals & Weathering (origins of sediment) Flashcards

1
Q

What is Bowen’s Reaction Series?

A

If we look at the major rock forming minerals, this is the order in which they form

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2
Q

What is the order for Bowen’s reaction series?

A
  1. Olivine, calcium-rich feldspar
  2. pyroxenes, amphiboles, sodium-rich feldspar
  3. biotite mica, muscovite mica, potassium-feldspar, quartz
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3
Q

What is the order dependent on?

A

temperatures

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4
Q

How do these minerals form?

A
  1. deep in the earth with a melt/magma/liquid
  2. they crystalize as the cool off
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5
Q

What is the temperature range?

A

1000-600 centigrade

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6
Q

What do the temperatures mean for the minerals?

A

600- in balance with the conditions at the surface
1000- out of wack

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7
Q

(Bowen’s reaction series) What kind of rocks are formed?

A
  • basalts: olivine, pyroxenes, dark in color, coming out of Hawaii
  • -
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8
Q

Which will weather first?

A

backwards in the sense that the mineral that is formed first goes first

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9
Q

Are all beaches made of quartz?

A

no, coquina beaches are composed of coral, shells, and pellets (fecal matter)

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10
Q

What are the two kinds of sand factories?

A
  1. land: clastic sediment (decomposed rock)
  2. ocean: (bio)chemical sediment- biologic material that gets broken up
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11
Q

In the (bio)chemical process, which mineral is involved to make chemical sedimentary rock?

A

calcite CaCo3 in the ocean

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12
Q

What are clastic/siliciclastic sediments?

A

Minerals that contain silica SiO2:
quartz, feldspar, hornblende, etc.

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13
Q

What is sediment texture?

A

How we describe rocks/sediments
includes:
grain size, sorting, shape, and support

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14
Q

What is grain size?

A

Part of sediment texture
*Applies to clastic sediments: a way to categorize individual minerals in a rock
*>2mm- gravel, pebbles, cobbles
*2mm-0.063mm- sand
*0.004mm- silt
*<0.004mm- clay
*Very coarse-> coarse-> medium-> fine-> very fine

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15
Q

What is sorting?

A

Part of sediment texture
- ranges in grain size
- various grain sizes
well sorted -> poorly sorted

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16
Q

What is grain shape?

A

Part of sediment texture
- angular -> rounded

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17
Q

What is support?

A

Part of sediment texture
- matrix vs. grain supported
- sediments can touch each other (grain)
- sediment can also not touch (matrix)
- chemically bound

18
Q

How do we know the maturity of a sediment?

A

mature: rounded, well sorted
immature: angular, poorly sorted

19
Q

What are the three components of a sedimentary rock?

A
  1. grain (can touch, sand)
  2. matrix (smaller stuff in between, silt, finer grain)
  3. cement (glued together, iron oxide, silica, calcium carbonate, etc)
20
Q

What are the weathering processes?

A
  1. Chemical
  2. Physically, mechanical
  3. both
21
Q

What is exfoliation?

A

mechanical weathering
like peeling an onion
when the granite’s confining stress and pressure gets released as it surfaces, it expands

22
Q

Why does a puzzle rock break apart?

A

thermal weathering
temperature extremes cause thermal expansion and contraction which cause a rock to fall apart

23
Q

How do dry areas affect rocks?

A
  • If salt gets into the cracks it degrades it
  • they are corrosive
  • they also expand and contract
24
Q

How does the cold affect rocks?

A

When water freezes it expands breaking a rock apart if it gets in its cracks

25
Q

What are examples of mechanical weathering?

A

rainfall and temperature and roots (biological activity) and fires, freeze thaw

26
Q

What are the four major chemical processes?

A
  1. solution
  2. redox
  3. hydrolysis
  4. chelation
27
Q

What is saprolite?

A

Decomposed rock/ sand

28
Q

What are core stones?

A

partially decomposed rock

29
Q

What is the weathering front?

A

the contact between the solid rock and where it is being decomposed

30
Q

What is soil?

A

where the saprolite is organized into horizons

31
Q

What is granite?

A

A typical mineralogically homogeneous igneous rock composed of quartz, feldspar, and hornblende

32
Q

What is a corestone?

A

The unweathered core of a weathering interface created by weathering proceeding rapidly along joint and fractures that easily transmit water.

33
Q

What are chelators?

A

Organic acids that are able to complex insoluble cations like iron and aluminum

34
Q

What is physical weathering?

A

the mechanical breakdown of rock into smaller pieces

35
Q

What is chemical weathering?

A

the chemical transformation of minerals in rock, typically with the loss of mass

36
Q

What are the main master horizons in a soil?

A

A, B, and C

37
Q

What is sand?

A

Any detrital material (sediment) that falls between 0.064 and 2 mm in diameter

38
Q

What is the material that creates isovolumetric chemical weathering of rock called?

A

saprolite

39
Q

Why does the study of sediment and sedimentary rocks care about rock weathering and soils?

A

weathering and soils generate clastic detritus that will eventually become new sedimentary rocks

40
Q

How is soil developed?

A

climate, organisms, relief, parent material, and time