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Question 1

Name two proto-oncogenes and describe these in detail (how is the activity regulated, what are the
typical mechanisms of activation and what it the role in tumourigenesis and/or cell cycle regulation
if applicable)

Question 2

What are differences between apoptosis and necrosis?

Question 3

How do you understand the heterogeneity of a cancer (definition of tumor heterogeneity)? How
does cancer heterogeneity arise?

Question 4

Name at least three assays for determining apoptotic cells. And describe their mechanisms, i.e.,
why/how do the assays identify apoptotic cells?

Question 5

The most common reason to mortality in cancer is metastasis of the primary tumour to a secondary
site disturbing organ function. Describe at least three main routes of metastasis.

Question 6

What functional properties do cancer stem cells have? Name and describe two functional assays
for detection of cancer stem cells.

Question 7

Name and describe three different mechanisms by which the tumour cells avoid getting eliminated
by the immune system.

Question 8

Why doesn’t the immune system fight cancer? Give at least two examples with mechanism
explanations.

Question 9

Name three chemotherapeutic drugs used in clinics today and explain shortly the mechanism of
action of these drug.

Question 10

Assuming that you are employed at a company which is focused on new drug development against
cancer, what are your main drug targets and why?