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Question 1

What is the difference between genetic and epigenetic changes in a cancer? Give a sample to
describe how they work together in cancer development?

Question 2

What do hallmarks of cancers mean? List two hallmarks and further describe their important roles
in cancer development.

Question 3

Explain the heterogeneity of a cancer, and give two methods which can detect the heterogeneity
of cancer cells.

Question 4

Describe typical morphological features of an apoptotic cell. Name two proteins which are
involved in apoptosis and briefly describe their signaling pathways in cancer development.

Question 5

The greatest mortality in cancer is often the metastasis, that is, from primary tumour to a
secondary site. Briefly describe the process of EMT (epithelial–mesenchymal-transition) that
occurs during this process.

Question 6

How to identify cancer stem cells? Why is it important to identify cancer stem cells in
chemotherapy for cancer patients?

Question 7

Describe the function of telomeres and telomerases in cancer development.

Question 8

How does Wnt signalling pathway work in cancer development? Pick up at least two genes/proteins from the
pathway to describe their roles in cancer development.

Question 9

Name two drugs (antibodies) of immunotherapy to explain their mechanisms for attacking cancer
cells.

Question 10

Suppose that you could re-design your Lab practice of the tumour biology course with the same
aim under an unlimited condition (regardless of time consuming, material cost etc.), how could
you change (add) your setting of DNA sequencing, Western blotting and flow cytometry, and
why?