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Question 1

What is a Vogelstein model? Namely, what kind of knowledge can you learn from this model?

Question 2

What are the main roles of cancer stem cells in cancer development? Please list at least 4 cancer
stem cell markers.

Question 3

What are associations of cancer cells with their microenvironment? Please explain the interactions
between the cancer cells and their microenvironment by giving at least 2 examples to state how they
work together in cancer development, progression and/or metastasis.

Question 4

Please state the roles of autophagy in cancer development and/or treatment.

Question 5

Please make a signaling pathway involved in cancer development, in which you should include at
least 2 oncogenes, 2 anti-oncogenes (tumor suppressor genes), 2 apoptosis-related genes and 2
miRNAs.

Question 6

What are the main differences between germ-line and sporadic mutations? Explain how germ-line
mutations are involved in hereditary cancer.

Question 7

How can we improve cancer diagnosis by, for example, advanced techniques, biomarker
analyses, etc?

Question 8

Please explain how chemotherapy and immunotherapy can induce cancer cell death by using 2
drugs for chemotherapy and 2 antibodies for the immunotherapy.

Question 9

Please explain how radiotherapy can induce cancer cell death and explain the corresponding
mechanisms

Question 10

According to your experience from the lab practice of this course, please raise some comments
and suggestions that may improve further practice, including materials and methods and why?