2.3 Why and with what effects did fear of roman catholic influence increase under the stuart monarchs?

Question 1

9 themes why and with what effects did fear of catholic influence increased under the stuart monarchs

Answer 1

catholics at charles 1 court
henrietta maria
laudian reforms
1643 oath of abduration
1650 toleration act
1670 treaty of dover
1672 decleration of indulgence
charles 2 crypto catholicism
james 2

Question 2

origins of anti catholicism

Answer 2

1618 - james 1 tried to petition parliament to intervene in Bohemian phase of 30 years war (1618-1623)
parliament and james supported frederick V Count of palatine against catholic HRE alliance with spain
cause they defended was both a relation of james but more importantly defending protestantism against the fear of catholicism

Question 3

why was there widespread fear / mistrust of catholicism

Answer 3

Catholicism linked with conspiracy
papacy linked with HRE and spain who were seeking to destroy the effectes of the reformation (in northern europe and england)
catholicism = danger to english security
assumed catholics first loyalty was to Rome and the church before england
Elizabeth 1 excommunicated 1570 pope statedd it was the duty of englishmen to dispose her
very few catholics did try to depose her..

Question 4

what plot during elizabeths reign out all catholics under suspicion

Answer 4

Mary queen of scots take throne by assainating elizabeth
mary forced to abdicate scottish throne 1567 so mary sought protection by elizabeth who held her captive until executing her in 1587
was executed when it was uncovered the plot to assasinate elizabeth = mary brought to trial and found guilty

Question 5

other problems fuelling catholic suspicion

Answer 5

French religious wars = massacre of french protestant (Hugeknots)
Philip 2 of spains attempt to invade england 1588 (spanish armada)
irish rebellions
gunpowder plot 1605
HRE determination to wage war against german protestants
eighty years war

Question 6

Catholics / high church under charles 1 / why high church suspicions

Answer 6

welcomed at court 1624-5
promotion of arminians in ang church
increased role of bishops
lax enforcement of recusancy
employment of catholics chaplins in royal household
charles’ bad attempt at marrying philip 3 of spains daughter
instead marrying henrietta maria (then royal children coming under catholic chaplins)
papl ambassador being welcomed to court
Laudian uniformity

Question 7

further high church looking grievances with charles surrounding admin / running of the country

Answer 7

progative courts = prosecuted prominant puritans whilst prominant catholics were being promoted
catholic businessmen often granted monopolies (eg soap)
charles deciding to remain neutral in 30 years war (as financial cost) = charles condoning catholic offensive in germany
when charles attempted to impose unifomity in scotland = WAR

Question 8

religious motivations behind executing charles (his catholic looking actions during civil war)

Answer 8

english, western socttish and irish catholics all supported charles in ECW
irish rebellion 1641
charles negotiation with papal envoy to send soldiers to support him
duplicity of making separate alliance with scots
= untrustworthy, conspiracy (just like catholicism..)

Question 9

exclusions of catholics from toleration when?

Answer 9

long parliament & rump parliament

Question 10

long parliament exclusions of catholics from toleration

Answer 10

1643 - Oath of Abjuration

• Catholics 21+ deny their beliefs
• Heavy fines for non-compliance
• catholics had to pay double the normal amount of assesment taxes

Question 11

rump parliament exclusions of catholics from toleration

Answer 11

1650 - toleration act did not include catholics
-debates about toleration always excluded catholics
1653 - Oath of Abjuration reissued with an additional clause closing catholic chapels in embassies
- oath of abjuration was used to force removeal of lands from catholics as if you did not taje the oath = heavy fine and you could no longer susatin your land so many poorer catholic land owners had to take the oath out of fear of losing their estates
also property of catholics who supported chalres was confiscated

Question 12

protectorate and catholicism

Answer 12

cromwell continued intolerance of catholics
he couldn’t be nice to catholics as then autocracy fears would resurface
but intolerance not always well enforced (eg 992 refused to take oath of abjuration in lancashire)

Question 13

why was catholicism not a major fear for the protectorate

Answer 13

unrestricted dissent by extreme puritans = much more dangerous
if discrete, catholics were free to worship
ireland 1649, rebellion defeated and puritan settlers confined catholics to outlying areas and church of ireland was restored`

Question 14

charles 2 catholicism fears foregin policy/ continental catholicism

Answer 14

Plague and great fire of london 1665&1666 and reverse in fortunes during dutch war = papist conspiracy (clarendon blamed and impeached
1667- invasion of holland by Louis XIV (catholic frnace now appeared bigger threat than HRE or spain)
1668 - triple alliance (anti catholic) (england, holland and sweden vs france) but at same time charles accepting subsidies from Louis XIV = charles a chance to live free from parliament…. absolutism…
1668 - duke of york announced catholicism conversion
1670 - secret treaty of dover with charles proising to announce his own conversion at a later date

Question 15

decleration of indulgence
what
problem
response

Answer 15

Declaration of indulgence 1672

• genuine tolerance or just a guise for catholic freedom
• suspicion of catholic sympathies of chalres and james
• parliament responds with test act 1673 denying catholics from public office
• charles withdrew decleration of indulgence

Question 16

charles 2 catholicism fears over domestic problems

Answer 16

decleration of indulgence problems
earl of danby = alliance with holland (marriage of william of O to mary eldest daughter of james) BUT james then marries catholic Mary of Moderna = catholic
as charles childless, james probably going to take throne
opposition to charles growing = whigs joined with dissenters

Question 17

parliament divisions under charles 2

Answer 17

whigs = friends of parliament, dissenters, protestant / anglian majority
tories = kings friends, want strong monarchy, catholic succession
exclusion billl promoted by whigs

Question 18

anti catholicism under james 2

Answer 18

james not as good a politician as charles
rather than divide hisopposition (as charles had done to an extent) he unified them against him
-romanising policies
-Louis = brother in law to james
- Revoct the Edict of Nantes = Huguenots no longer tolerated, flood of refugees to england
widespread belief james was trying to establish absolutism and bring about catholic succession

Question 19

decisions made by james 1686

Answer 19

forbade preaching of anti catholic sermons (bishop of london objected and therefore suspended from his post)
Ecclesiastical commission (similar to prerog courts)
licensing of dissenting groups inc catholics, nullifying clarendon code
Godden vs Hales judgement = right of crown to give dispensations from test and corporation acts
appointed catholics to oxbridge
declaration of indulgencce 1687 allowing all dissenters inc catholics to worship freely
declaration of indulgence 1688 exempted all dissenters and catholics from licencing in order to meet (now free to meet as they chose) = to be read out from every pulpit
7 bishops + ABofC refused, trial, aquitted, by now james had alienated all of the anglican church..

Question 20

james’ downfall

Answer 20

birth of catholic son = invitation to william and mary to take throne
signed by 3 whigs, 3 anglican lords and bishop of london

glorious revolution = reflected failure to reach a lasting political and more importantly religious settlement