1.3 Why was the stuart monarchy restored in 1660 only to collapse 28 years later? Flashcards

1
Q

9 reasons why the stuart monarchy was restored in 1660 only to collapse 28 years later

A
convention parliament
cavalier parliament
restoration settlement
declaration of indulgence
popish plot
exclusion crisis
rye house plot
james 2
glorious revolution
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2
Q

how charles 2 was returned to the throne

A

jan 1660 monck enters london to restore order and free elections
feb long parliament members excluded from prides purge returned to dissolve itself
april newly elected assembly = convention parliament (as not called by the king)
4 th april Deceleration of Breda
parliament accepted may 5
may 25 charles lands at dover

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3
Q

deceleration of breda

A

breda = in holland (protestant nation) charles had been advised by Monck to move there as looked better than catholic france
promised
-cooperation and harmony with political nation
-amnesty for actions during war and interregnum (apart from those who had signed fathers death warrant)
-settlement of outstanding issues with parliament
-arrears of pay given to the army and religious toleration guarnteed

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4
Q

main issue surrounding charles’ return

A

back dated his regin to the moment of his fathers death 1649 = king there by divine right, not parliament

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5
Q

what parliament followed the convention parliament and dates

A

Cavalier parliament december 1660 to 1679 (20 sessions)

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6
Q

why did the cavalier parliament have a royalist majority

A

1661 failed rebellion in london led by fifth monarchists = fear of radicalist groups

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7
Q

problem with cavalier parliament

A

intent on revenge and not reconciliation

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8
Q

overarching aims of the restoration settlement

A

weaken the restrictions of the kings power

undermine the clarity that had been achieved by the convention parliament

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9
Q

beginnings of religious settlement of the restoration settlement

A

convention parliament had restored anglican church and bishops (details of next was to be decided by the clergy at the savoy meeting in london)

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10
Q

the divisions (groups with rough ideology) at the savoy meeting

A
Presbyterian royalists (reformed church allowing moderate puritans)
High church party led by Gilbert Sheldon (restore laudian church)
Latitudinarians (flexibility with a broad regime)
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11
Q

which group was the strongest at the savoy eeting

A

high church party due to fifth monarchist uprisings

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12
Q

religious articles passed in Restoration settlemnt

A

Act of Uniformity - restored laudian church (and ejected 1800 ministers who were unable to conform
Conventicle Act 1664 - punished those who tried to conduct a religious life outside of the church (passed by Sheldon, archbishop of canterbury)

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13
Q

problem with religious aspect of restoration settlement

A

tries to destroy puritanism
by forcing puritans out, sheldon created a large and well connected group of dissenters (including quakers, congregationalists, baptists)
ensured the survival of dissenters

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14
Q

charles 2 and finance beginning of his reign

A

convention parliament offered charles less money than he needed
cavalier parliament granted some funds
still needed to raise regular taxation
- but abolition of feudal tax
-still got custom duties and excise tax (£1.2 million pa)
-hearth tax 1661 (first levied 1662), raised only 1/3 of expected outcome
-MPs pleased as retained financial control over the King

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15
Q

contradictions in bringing back the king and restoration settlement

A

restoration settlement did not solve problems that had led to war
divine right of king vs parliament recalled & relied on income from parliament
tolerant church wishes from monarch vs intolerant, conservative cavalier palriament

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16
Q

catholic suspicions of charles 2

A

crypto catholic
attempted to suspend act of uniformity 1662
(benefited puritans, latitudinarians and freedom for english catholics)
french catholic mother & 12 years in france
pro-french & pro-catholic foreign policy

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17
Q

example of pro-catholic foreign policy

A

1665 second anglo-dutch war (secured trade, also aided louis XIV aim to extent french territory into holland)

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18
Q

second anglo-dutch war problem

A

war badly managed by brother James, Duke of York

dutch broke chain across Medway and destroyed english ships at anchor

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19
Q

more suspicions surrounding charles 2

A

Humiliation regarding the medway
great plague 1655
great fire of london 1655
fire = work of catholic advisers
1667 - Edward Hyde Earl of Clarendon, chief adviser, replaced with Cabal (inc two catholics)
1668 - james announced conversion to catholicism
1670 - charles signs treaty with france committing england to a further war with the dutch
-also a secret clause committing charles to announce his own conversion to catholicism at a later date

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20
Q

suspicions confirmed - which act confirmed the suspicions surrounding charles

A

Declaration of Indulgence 1672 - second attempt to established religious toleration

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21
Q

why was the declaration of indulgence 1672 a problem?

A

issued by charles whilst parliament not in session
included catholic toleration
seemed like a challenge to the rule of law by parliament

22
Q

when and why was the declaration of indulgence challenged

A

parliament had to be called 1673 due to debts and obliged by treaty of dover to start third dutch war
parliament would support charles as long as he abandoned declaration of indulgence

23
Q

after declaration of indulgence climb down

A

attempt in commons to provide toleration for protestants, march 1673, lords rejected
test act passed 1673 = officer holders had to deny catholic doctrine
= resignation of james as lorxd admiral
resignation of Lord Treasurer Clifford

24
Q

how did charles respond to test act

A

appointed Thomas Osborne (earl of danby) as lord treasurer

25
danby
impeccable Anglican persued a foreign policy favouable to the dutch marriage alliance between william of orange and mary (protestant daughter of james 2) danbys actions angered members of the cabal (strict uniformity)
26
what did the earl of shaftesbury do
formed an opposition to danby | = the Whigs
27
popish plot
August 1678 Jesuit (catholic) plot to murder charles 2 and replace with brother,catholic james brought by anglican priest Oates to london magistrate Godfrey Godfrey found dead in london park = story now believable? correspondences were then found between james' employee and jesuit/ french agents = story confirmed?! sensationalised by broadsheets
28
parliaments and oates' reaction to popish plot
parliament accepted existence of the plot oates able to accuse whomever he chose political crisis had now emerged
29
exclusion crisis when and between who>
1679-1681 | Shaftesbury and his associates (to become whigs) vs Danby
30
how exclusion crisis played originted
Danby = governed by bribery, subsidies from france, corruption 1678 - whigs moved to impeach danby (accused him of treason) charles dissolves parliament new parliament even more anti-danby (strong whig movement due to popish plot)
31
what did new whig heavy parliament do
force charles to appoint new privy council selected by parliament excludes catholic james from line of succesion replace with charles' illegitimate son the Duke of Monmouth (protestant)
32
why did charles 2 have a problem with removing james fro line of succesion
DIVINE RIGHT OF KINGS!!!
33
how did the exclusion crisis play out
1679 - First Exclusion Bill passes the Commons but prevented from reaching the lords by Charles dissolving parliament 1680 - New parliament, another bill. king personally attends the lords = bill defeated. king hopes to delay until popish plot hysteria dies down 1681 - charles financially independent. can hold off calling parliament calls next parliament in oxford when shaftesbury tries to propose another bill charles arrests him on the grounds of treason
34
rye house plot date
april 1683
35
what was the rye house plot
november 1682 shafterbury = innocent but forced into exile in desperation cromwellian, puritan soldiers concocted a plot to kill charles at rye house and replace him with monmouth plot failed and soldiers arrested provided necessary means to destroy remaining whig leaders
36
political consequences following rye house plot
discredited whigs allowed charles to avoid calling a parliament for the rest of his reign directly contravined triennieal act charles set about recalling and revising borough charters = controlled elections for a more compliant parliament in the future (absolutist tendencies) was about 50% complete when charles died
37
when did charles 2 die and who replaced him
``` 1685 james 2 (catholic brother) ```
38
big problem with james 2
CATHOLIC
39
surprising events following james taking the throne
1685 parliament = cooperative as hysteria had died down from the surrounding plots Monmouth launched a rebellion in dorset 16885 but received little support monmouths army slaughtered and monmouth captured and executed
40
why was james in a good position when he took the throne
Charles had left... james had generous financial settlement from 1685 parliament lack of support from monmouth = respect for kings hereditary rights charles skillful handling of exclusion crisis = whigs reduced to very little civil war = want for stability
41
james' primary aim when he took the throne | problem with this?
religious toleration when parliament wouldn't cooperate (equality for catholics = step too far), james acted like an autocrat using his prerogative powers, confirmed catholic autocratic fears
42
1685 james issued...
personal dispensations to allow catholic army officers
43
1686 to support james
Godden vs Hales case | judicial support for james to issue catholics dispensations for the army when necessary
44
1687 james stepped too far...
New Declaration of Indulgence | freedom of worship to catholic and protestant dissenters
45
problem with james wanting religious toleration
cousin = louis XIV was ruling autocratically in france and was actively persecuting non-catholics had evoked Edict of Nantes in 1685 which had protected protestant rights
46
further autocratic actions by james
-borough ccharters further remodelled and some catholics were appointed magistrates (in james' eyes to balance society) -ecclesiastical commission to act as court for church affairs (james used this to remove fellows from Magdalene College Oxford and replce with catholics - again for equality) 1688 - renewed declaration of indulgence ordering it to be read from every parish pulpit -7 bishops arrested (for above), were acquitted parliaments supremacy was being threatend rights of property holders threatend security of church threatend ALL IMPORTANT GROUPS NOW WORRIED....
47
final straw regarding james2
1688 second wife had a son = Catholicism now permanent?
48
how william of orange was brought to the throne
letter politly inviting him to take the throne | signed by 7 signaturies representing all sections of political nation
49
why did william accept the invitation
seemed support for william would be forthcoming as signatures represented such a large scope of society invasion seemed to ensure survival of dutch republic against Louis XIV (also for this reason dutch authorities supported william)
50
timeline from william landing in england to taking the throne
Torbay nov 1688 - landed james hesitated - at this his supporters abandoned him dec - william nearing london, james fled remembering what had happend to his father was captured but let free by abandoning the throne william could claim he had abdicated = glorious, peaceful,bloodless revolution?