1.3 Why was the stuart monarchy restored in 1660 only to collapse 28 years later? Flashcards
9 reasons why the stuart monarchy was restored in 1660 only to collapse 28 years later
convention parliament cavalier parliament restoration settlement declaration of indulgence popish plot exclusion crisis rye house plot james 2 glorious revolution
how charles 2 was returned to the throne
jan 1660 monck enters london to restore order and free elections
feb long parliament members excluded from prides purge returned to dissolve itself
april newly elected assembly = convention parliament (as not called by the king)
4 th april Deceleration of Breda
parliament accepted may 5
may 25 charles lands at dover
deceleration of breda
breda = in holland (protestant nation) charles had been advised by Monck to move there as looked better than catholic france
promised
-cooperation and harmony with political nation
-amnesty for actions during war and interregnum (apart from those who had signed fathers death warrant)
-settlement of outstanding issues with parliament
-arrears of pay given to the army and religious toleration guarnteed
main issue surrounding charles’ return
back dated his regin to the moment of his fathers death 1649 = king there by divine right, not parliament
what parliament followed the convention parliament and dates
Cavalier parliament december 1660 to 1679 (20 sessions)
why did the cavalier parliament have a royalist majority
1661 failed rebellion in london led by fifth monarchists = fear of radicalist groups
problem with cavalier parliament
intent on revenge and not reconciliation
overarching aims of the restoration settlement
weaken the restrictions of the kings power
undermine the clarity that had been achieved by the convention parliament
beginnings of religious settlement of the restoration settlement
convention parliament had restored anglican church and bishops (details of next was to be decided by the clergy at the savoy meeting in london)
the divisions (groups with rough ideology) at the savoy meeting
Presbyterian royalists (reformed church allowing moderate puritans) High church party led by Gilbert Sheldon (restore laudian church) Latitudinarians (flexibility with a broad regime)
which group was the strongest at the savoy eeting
high church party due to fifth monarchist uprisings
religious articles passed in Restoration settlemnt
Act of Uniformity - restored laudian church (and ejected 1800 ministers who were unable to conform
Conventicle Act 1664 - punished those who tried to conduct a religious life outside of the church (passed by Sheldon, archbishop of canterbury)
problem with religious aspect of restoration settlement
tries to destroy puritanism
by forcing puritans out, sheldon created a large and well connected group of dissenters (including quakers, congregationalists, baptists)
ensured the survival of dissenters
charles 2 and finance beginning of his reign
convention parliament offered charles less money than he needed
cavalier parliament granted some funds
still needed to raise regular taxation
- but abolition of feudal tax
-still got custom duties and excise tax (£1.2 million pa)
-hearth tax 1661 (first levied 1662), raised only 1/3 of expected outcome
-MPs pleased as retained financial control over the King
contradictions in bringing back the king and restoration settlement
restoration settlement did not solve problems that had led to war
divine right of king vs parliament recalled & relied on income from parliament
tolerant church wishes from monarch vs intolerant, conservative cavalier palriament
catholic suspicions of charles 2
crypto catholic
attempted to suspend act of uniformity 1662
(benefited puritans, latitudinarians and freedom for english catholics)
french catholic mother & 12 years in france
pro-french & pro-catholic foreign policy
example of pro-catholic foreign policy
1665 second anglo-dutch war (secured trade, also aided louis XIV aim to extent french territory into holland)
second anglo-dutch war problem
war badly managed by brother James, Duke of York
dutch broke chain across Medway and destroyed english ships at anchor
more suspicions surrounding charles 2
Humiliation regarding the medway
great plague 1655
great fire of london 1655
fire = work of catholic advisers
1667 - Edward Hyde Earl of Clarendon, chief adviser, replaced with Cabal (inc two catholics)
1668 - james announced conversion to catholicism
1670 - charles signs treaty with france committing england to a further war with the dutch
-also a secret clause committing charles to announce his own conversion to catholicism at a later date
suspicions confirmed - which act confirmed the suspicions surrounding charles
Declaration of Indulgence 1672 - second attempt to established religious toleration
why was the declaration of indulgence 1672 a problem?
issued by charles whilst parliament not in session
included catholic toleration
seemed like a challenge to the rule of law by parliament
when and why was the declaration of indulgence challenged
parliament had to be called 1673 due to debts and obliged by treaty of dover to start third dutch war
parliament would support charles as long as he abandoned declaration of indulgence
after declaration of indulgence climb down
attempt in commons to provide toleration for protestants, march 1673, lords rejected
test act passed 1673 = officer holders had to deny catholic doctrine
= resignation of james as lorxd admiral
resignation of Lord Treasurer Clifford
how did charles respond to test act
appointed Thomas Osborne (earl of danby) as lord treasurer
danby
impeccable Anglican
persued a foreign policy favouable to the dutch
marriage alliance between william of orange and mary (protestant daughter of james 2)
danbys actions angered members of the cabal (strict uniformity)
what did the earl of shaftesbury do
formed an opposition to danby
= the Whigs
popish plot
August 1678
Jesuit (catholic) plot to murder charles 2 and replace with brother,catholic james
brought by anglican priest Oates to london magistrate Godfrey
Godfrey found dead in london park
= story now believable?
correspondences were then found between james’ employee and jesuit/ french agents = story confirmed?!
sensationalised by broadsheets
parliaments and oates’ reaction to popish plot
parliament accepted existence of the plot
oates able to accuse whomever he chose
political crisis had now emerged
exclusion crisis when and between who>
1679-1681
Shaftesbury and his associates (to become whigs) vs Danby
how exclusion crisis played originted
Danby = governed by bribery, subsidies from france, corruption
1678 - whigs moved to impeach danby (accused him of treason)
charles dissolves parliament
new parliament even more anti-danby (strong whig movement due to popish plot)
what did new whig heavy parliament do
force charles to appoint new privy council selected by parliament
excludes catholic james from line of succesion
replace with charles’ illegitimate son the Duke of Monmouth (protestant)
why did charles 2 have a problem with removing james fro line of succesion
DIVINE RIGHT OF KINGS!!!
how did the exclusion crisis play out
1679 - First Exclusion Bill passes the Commons but prevented from reaching the lords by Charles dissolving parliament
1680 - New parliament, another bill. king personally attends the lords = bill defeated. king hopes to delay until popish plot hysteria dies down
1681 - charles financially independent. can hold off calling parliament
calls next parliament in oxford
when shaftesbury tries to propose another bill charles arrests him on the grounds of treason
rye house plot date
april 1683
what was the rye house plot
november 1682 shafterbury = innocent but forced into exile
in desperation cromwellian, puritan soldiers concocted a plot to kill charles at rye house and replace him with monmouth
plot failed and soldiers arrested
provided necessary means to destroy remaining whig leaders
political consequences following rye house plot
discredited whigs
allowed charles to avoid calling a parliament for the rest of his reign
directly contravined triennieal act
charles set about recalling and revising borough charters = controlled elections for a more compliant parliament in the future (absolutist tendencies)
was about 50% complete when charles died
when did charles 2 die and who replaced him
1685 james 2 (catholic brother)
big problem with james 2
CATHOLIC
surprising events following james taking the throne
1685 parliament = cooperative as hysteria had died down from the surrounding plots
Monmouth launched a rebellion in dorset 16885 but received little support
monmouths army slaughtered and monmouth captured and executed
why was james in a good position when he took the throne
Charles had left…
james had generous financial settlement from 1685 parliament
lack of support from monmouth = respect for kings hereditary rights
charles skillful handling of exclusion crisis = whigs reduced to very little
civil war = want for stability
james’ primary aim when he took the throne
problem with this?
religious toleration
when parliament wouldn’t cooperate (equality for catholics = step too far), james acted like an autocrat using his prerogative powers, confirmed catholic autocratic fears
1685 james issued…
personal dispensations to allow catholic army officers
1686 to support james
Godden vs Hales case
judicial support for james to issue catholics dispensations for the army when necessary
1687 james stepped too far…
New Declaration of Indulgence
freedom of worship to catholic and protestant dissenters
problem with james wanting religious toleration
cousin = louis XIV was ruling autocratically in france and was actively persecuting non-catholics
had evoked Edict of Nantes in 1685 which had protected protestant rights
further autocratic actions by james
-borough ccharters further remodelled and some catholics were appointed magistrates (in james’ eyes to balance society)
-ecclesiastical commission to act as court for church affairs (james used this to remove fellows from Magdalene College Oxford and replce with catholics - again for equality)
1688 - renewed declaration of indulgence ordering it to be read from every parish pulpit
-7 bishops arrested (for above), were acquitted
parliaments supremacy was being threatend
rights of property holders threatend
security of church threatend
ALL IMPORTANT GROUPS NOW WORRIED….
final straw regarding james2
1688 second wife had a son = Catholicism now permanent?
how william of orange was brought to the throne
letter politly inviting him to take the throne
signed by 7 signaturies representing all sections of political nation
why did william accept the invitation
seemed support for william would be forthcoming as signatures represented such a large scope of society
invasion seemed to ensure survival of dutch republic against Louis XIV (also for this reason dutch authorities supported william)
timeline from william landing in england to taking the throne
Torbay nov 1688 - landed
james hesitated - at this his supporters abandoned him
dec - william nearing london, james fled remembering what had happend to his father
was captured but let free
by abandoning the throne william could claim he had abdicated
= glorious, peaceful,bloodless revolution?
