23- Monoamines Flashcards
what is the diffuse modulatory system of the brain?
refers to neural networks that conform to 4 criteria:
- widespread projections to multiple brain regions
- each system originates from a CORE = a small number of neurones that form a nuclei/ cluster in specific brain regions, meaning one neurone influences many others
- cell bodies of modulatory neurons at the brainstem
- NT release into extracellular fluid instead of specific synapses
list the four main diffuse modulatory systems
dopaminergic
serotonergic
noradrenergic
cholinergic
compare point-to-point communication with diffuse modulatory systems
point-to-point communication = faster, less widespread, specific communication between individual neurons
diffuse modulatory systems = slower communication, more widespread, take longer to stimulate neurons
where is the core for noradrenergic neurons?
locus coeruleus
where is the core for serotonergic neurons?
raphe nuclei
where are the cores for dopaminergic neurons?
substantia nigra, ventral tegmental area
where are the cores for cholinergic neurons?
brainstem complexes
basal forebrain
list the 7 other types of neurotransmitters/ modulators
histamine
ATP
adenosine
tachykinins
melatonin
opioid peptides
melatonin
what are the functions of histamine? what are its CNS receptors?
- regulates sleep-wake cycle
- promotes wakefulness
- vomiting
H1 receptors = arousal
H3 receptors are presynaptic
what are the functions of adenosine and its receptors?
- sleep regulation
- pain
- neuroprotection in seizures = used as anticonvulsants
receptors - A1 is inhibitory, A2A-B are excitatory
what is the function of ATP as a neurotransmitter?
for pain and neuroprotection
what are the functions of opioid peptides as neuropeptides?
pain modulation and mood regulation
give examples of tachykinins and the receptors they act on
substance P – acts on NK receptor 1
neurokinins A and B - act on NK receptor 2 and 3 respectively
what are the functions of tachykinins in the CNS?
substance P = pain transmission and modulation
what are the functions of lipid mediators in the CNS? what receptor does it act through?
- block vomiting via CB1 receptor
- involved in multiple sclerosis, pain, anxiety and weight loss
acts through CB1 receptor - inhibits release of NTs like GABA and glutamate
