2.3 - How does cystic fibrosis affect other body systems? Flashcards
Which 2 other body systems can cystic fibrosis affect?
- digestive system
- reproductive system
What is the function of the small intestine?
where most of the chemical breakdown of food molecules & then absorption of soluble food molecules takes place
What is the role of the pancreas in the endocrine system?
secretes the hormones insulin & glucagon
What is the role of the pancreas in the exocrine system?
secretes enzymes into duct in small intestine
What is the duct that goes into the small intestine from the pancreas?
pancreatic duct
Why do groups of pancreatic cells produce enzymes?
to help breakdown of proteins, carbohydrates & lipids
Other than the pancreas, where are digestive enzymes produced? (3 places)
- liver
- salivary gland
- build into membranes of gut wall
What happens to the pancreatic duct in CF sufferers?
becomes blocked with sticky mucus
When the pancreatic duct is blocked, what does this result in?
digestive enzymes cannot enter the small intestine & so rate of digestion in small intestine = reduced
If the rate of digestion in the small intestine is reduced, what does this result in? What is this called?
food is not fully digested, and undigested food is lost in faeces - malabsorption syndrome
If enzymes cannot leave the pancreatic duct, what effect does this have on the pancreas?
enzymes damage the pancreas, creating hard fibrosed cysts
Which 2 ways can CF cause diabetes?
- enzymes in pancreas damage cells that produce insulin, so insulin production is decreased
- mucus blocks pancreatic duct so insulin & glucagon cannot be released
How are endocrine and exocrine glands different?
- endocrine glands secrete hormone directly into blood
- exocrine glands secrete enzymes into a duct
What is the name for the model of enzymes that fit substrates?
lock & key hypothesis
What is the lock and key theory?
substrates are a ‘key’ that fits into the enzymes ‘lock’ (active site)
Why do CF sufferers have a reduced chance of becoming pregnant?
mucus plug develops in cervix - this stops sperm from reaching the egg
Why do male CF sufferers have reduced fertility?
commonly lack the sperm duct on both sides, which means that sperm cannot leave the testes
Why do male CF sufferers (with a sperm duct on both sides) have reduced fertility?
sperm duct can become blocked by a thick sticky mucus layer, so fewer sperm are present in each ejaculate
What is induced fit theory?
active site is often slightly flexible so can change shape to fit more closely around substrate
Are enzymes globular or fibrous?
globular
What is activation energy?
minimum amount of energy required to start a chemical reaction, by causing bonds to weaken
What do enzymes reduce?
activation energy
Define metabolism.
sum of all the enzyme controlled reactions happening within the organism
What is the type of reaction that happens inside a cell?
intracellular
What are the type of reactions that happen outside a cell?
extracellular
What type of reaction breaks down substances?
catabolic
What type of reaction builds up substances?
anabolic
Define biological catalyst.
a substance produced by organisms which speeds up the rate of reactions
How can we find rate of reaction?
measuring the quantity of substrate used/ products formed in a given time
What is the inital rate of reaction?
rapid phase at start of reaction
What can the inital rate of reaction be used for?
comparing rates of diff. reaction
What are 4 common control variables for enzyme experiments? How can you control them?
temperature -> use water bath
time of reaction -> use stopwatch to measure same time period of reaction each time
volume of enzyme/substrate -> measuring cylinder
type of enzyme -> use same batch of enzyme
Describe the structure of an enzyme.
- globular protein
- has an active site with specific shape which is complementary to substrate that binds to active site
