23 - Healthcare Systems Flashcards
What are the four models of healthcare worldwide?
- Out of Pocket Model
- Bismarck Model
- National Health Insurance
- Beveridge Model
What is the out of pocket model?
- Done by most countries, including US
- Patients have to pay for own care, food, board
- May have public hospitals for emergency care and have healthcare insurance for the rich so they don’t have to go to public hospitals
- eg Bangladesh
what are some advantages of out of pocket payments
contains health demand service → people have access to unlimited healthcare
what are some disadvantages out of pocket model
- underuse of healthcare services
- serious illness = expensive
- difficult for households with lower incomes
- health inequalities
what is private healthcare
- individuals contribute to a fund by paying voluntary premium in advance to an insurance company so costs of healthcare is covered when required
what are some advantages of private healthcare
- protection against catastrophic expenditure
- patients can choose standard of care
- reduce burden of public finances
what is then disadvantage of private healthcare
- highlights health inequalities
- moral hazard
- adverse selection
what is social heath insurance
→ employers and employees with contribute t healthcare fund
→ government contribute to those who don’t work
eg Germany and Japan
what are some advantages of social healthcare
- protection against the catastrophic expenditure
- universal coverage
- access based on needs
- social insurance finds are kept separate from other government funds
what are some disadvantages to social healthcare
- high administration costs
- opt-out for high earners
what is taxation healthcare
healthcare funded through general taxation
provided by state controlled providers and doctors
eg UK, Sweden and Cuba
what are some advantages of taxation
→ universal coverage
→ access based on needs
→ fewer inequalities
→ lower administration costs
→ controls on spending
what are some disadvantages of taxation
→ healthcare budgets are less predictable
→ moral hazard (overuse if healthcare)
→ less choice of providers
What is the Bismarck model?
- Healthcare is provided by private healthcare providers and doctors and is financed by an insurance system that is funded by employees/employers through payroll deduction
- Germany, France, Belgium, Netherlands, Switzerland, Japan
What is the National Health Insurance model?
- Employers and employees pay NI contributions and healthcare is financed by a government run insurance scheme funded by citizen’s contributions
- Health care provided by private healthcare providers and doctors
- Canada, Taiwan, South Korea
What is the Beveridge model?
- Healthcare provided by state controlled healthcare providers and doctors
- Financed by government from general taxation
- UK, Spain, Scandinavian countries, NZ, Cuba
What are some of the critcisms of the Beveridge model?
Called a state monopoly and socialised medicine
What are the four models of healthcare in the United Kingdom?
What healthcare model is England moving towards?
From internal market to integrated healthcare like scotland
What are the roles of geriatric medicine and emergency medicine in treating the elderly?
describe Scotlands healthcare model
describe Wales healthcare model
describe Northern Ireland healthcare model
