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IB HL BIO > 2.3 Carbohydrates and Lipids > Flashcards

2.3 Carbohydrates and Lipids Flashcards

1
Q

What are compounds of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen used for?

A

To supply and store energy

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2
Q

Monosaccharide

A

Single/simple sugar

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3
Q

Which monosaccharide is this?

  • C6 H12 O6
  • Hexosugar
  • Energy source
  • fuels respiration
A

Glucose

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4
Q

Which monosaccharide is this?

  • C6 H12 O6
  • Less sweet
  • Energy source
  • Less efficient
  • found in milk and cereals
A

Galactose

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5
Q 
Which monosaccharide is this?
• sweetest natural carb
- C6 H12 O6
- Pentosugar
- Energy source
- Found in fruits and honey
A

Fructose

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6
Q

Which monosaccharide is this?

- Forms the backbone of RNA

A

Ribose

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7
Q

Deoxyribose

A

DNA

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8
Q

Ribose

A

RNA

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9
Q

Monosaccharides(sugars) are monomers of…

A

polysaccharides(carbs)

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10
Q

glucose + glucose = ?

in a condensation reaction

A

maltose(dissachride) + water

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11
Q

Disaccharide

A

Double Sugar

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12
Q

Which disaccharide is this?

  • C12 H22 O11
  • Found in animals and plants
  • Made from 2 glucose
A

Maltose

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13
Q

Which disaccharide is this?

  • C12 H22 O11
  • animals
  • Made from glucose and galactose
A

Lactose

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14
Q

Which disaccharide is this?

  • C12 H22 O11
  • plants and humans from plants
  • glucose and fructose
A

Sucrose

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15
Q

Polysaccharide

A

2+ sugars
Long and can be branched
ex: glycogen

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16
Q 
Which polysaccharide is this?
- Polar
- Beta glucose molecules
• 1-4 straight
- hydrogen bonds
  • Linked molecules form bundles called microfibrils
  • high strength
  • prevents cell walls from bursting
A

Cellulose

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17
Q

Which polysaccharide is this?
- Polar
• 1-4 and 1-6 bonds (straight and branched)
- alpha glucose molecules

  • used to store glucose (in the liver and muscles)
  • made by animals and fungi
  • doesn’t cause water to affect the osmotic balance of cells
A

Glycogen

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18
Q

Osmotic balance

A

the movement/flow of water

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19
Q

Which polysaccharide is this?

  • Polar
  • Produced by plant cells
  • hydrophilic, but not soluble in water (too large)
  • important for energy storage
A

Starch

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20
Q

2 types of starch

A 
Amylopectin
- repeated glucose units
-alpha molecules
• 1-4 and 1-6 bonds
- Globular shape

Amylose
- repeated glucose units
• 1-4 (straight)
- helix shape

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21
Q

Structure of Glucose (monosaccharide)

A
  • 6 carbon atoms
  • hexagonal shape
  • one branch
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22
Q

Structure of Sucrose (disaccharide)

A
  • 12 carbon atoms
  • hexagon and pentagon shapes
  • made from fructose and glucose
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23
Q

Structure of Fructose (monosaccharide)

A
  • 6 carbon atoms
  • pentagonal shape
  • 2 branches
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24
Q

Structure of Glycogen (polysaccharide)

A
  • 1 main helix and 2 branched helixes
25
Structure of amylose (polysaccharide) (starch)
- 1 helix
26
Structure of amylopectin (polysaccharide) (starch)
- 2 perpendicular helixes
27
What type of fatty acid is this?
- all carbons are saturated with hydrogens | - holds as much as possible
28
What does monounsaturated mean
1 double bond in the fatty acid chain
29
What does polyunsaturated mean
2+ double bonds in the fatty acid chain
30
What is a cis-isomer | hint: it is commonly found in nature
- "straight" fatty acid chain - hydrogens are on the same side - double bonds cause a (constant) bend in the fatty acid chain - loosely packed
31
What is a trans-isomer | hint: not common in nature
- A kink in the fatty acid chain - artificially produced - Hydrogen on the opposite side - closely packed • Found in trans fats
32
What causes Coronary heart disease (CHD)
- When arteries become blocked by fat deposits
33
What molecular compound is formed by a condensation reaction of 3 fatty acids and 1 glycerol
A triglyceride
34
Covalent bonds in triglycerides…
Ester bonds
35
Triglycerides are…
lipids
36
What is the main structural use of lipids?
Phospholipids are a the main component of cell membranes
37
Examples of lipids used for hormone signaling
Steroids (estrogen, protesterone, and testosterone)
38
Examples of lipids used for insulation
Fats - serve as heat insulators | Sphingolipids (in neurons) serve as electrical insulators
39
Examples of lipids that protect
triglycerides form tissue layers around organs
40
For what type of energy storage are lipids used
long-term
41
For what type of energy carbohydrates are lipids used
short term
42
Lipids/fats are stored in specialized groups of cells called …
adipose tissue
43
Where is adipose tissue located
- immediately under skin | - around some organs (ex. kidney)
44
The amount of energy released in cell respiration per gram of lipids is double that for used for...
carbohydrates (and proteins)
45
Lipids add 0.5 as much to body mass than...
carbohydrates
46
1g of glycogen stored is associated with…of water
2g
47
…can be broken down into glucose rapidly and then transported easily by the blood
Glycogen
48
Aerobic respiration
Uses oxygen
49
Anaerobic respiration
Doesn't use oxygen
50
How fast can fats in adipose tissue be mobilized
Not very fast
51
Glucose can be used in: anaerobic or aerobic respiration?
both
52
Fats and fatty acids can be used in: anaerobic or aerobic respiration?
Only in aerobic
53
Glycogen: - Length of energy storage - Where can it be found? - How available is it?
- medium-term energy storage molecule - found in animals (liver and muscles) - readily available
54
Glucose in the bloodstream is for…use
immediate
55
What is the equation for the body mass index?
kg/m^2
56
Beta bonds: Body … break down
can't
57
Alpha bonds: Body … break down
can
58
Oligosaccharide
10 + sugar

IB HL BIO (3 decks)

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