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IB HL BIO > 2.3 Carbohydrates and Lipids > Flashcards

2.3 Carbohydrates and Lipids Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are compounds of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen used for?

A

To supply and store energy

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2
Q

Monosaccharide

A

Single/simple sugar

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3
Q

Which monosaccharide is this?

  • C6 H12 O6
  • Hexosugar
  • Energy source
  • fuels respiration
A

Glucose

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4
Q

Which monosaccharide is this?

  • C6 H12 O6
  • Less sweet
  • Energy source
  • Less efficient
  • found in milk and cereals
A

Galactose

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5
Q 
Which monosaccharide is this?
• sweetest natural carb
- C6 H12 O6
- Pentosugar
- Energy source
- Found in fruits and honey
A

Fructose

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6
Q

Which monosaccharide is this?

- Forms the backbone of RNA

A

Ribose

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7
Q

Deoxyribose

A

DNA

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8
Q

Ribose

A

RNA

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9
Q

Monosaccharides(sugars) are monomers of…

A

polysaccharides(carbs)

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10
Q

glucose + glucose = ?

in a condensation reaction

A

maltose(dissachride) + water

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11
Q

Disaccharide

A

Double Sugar

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12
Q

Which disaccharide is this?

  • C12 H22 O11
  • Found in animals and plants
  • Made from 2 glucose
A

Maltose

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13
Q

Which disaccharide is this?

  • C12 H22 O11
  • animals
  • Made from glucose and galactose
A

Lactose

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14
Q

Which disaccharide is this?

  • C12 H22 O11
  • plants and humans from plants
  • glucose and fructose
A

Sucrose

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15
Q

Polysaccharide

A

2+ sugars
Long and can be branched
ex: glycogen

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16
Q 
Which polysaccharide is this?
- Polar
- Beta glucose molecules
• 1-4 straight
- hydrogen bonds
  • Linked molecules form bundles called microfibrils
  • high strength
  • prevents cell walls from bursting
A

Cellulose

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17
Q

Which polysaccharide is this?
- Polar
• 1-4 and 1-6 bonds (straight and branched)
- alpha glucose molecules

  • used to store glucose (in the liver and muscles)
  • made by animals and fungi
  • doesn’t cause water to affect the osmotic balance of cells
A

Glycogen

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18
Q

Osmotic balance

A

the movement/flow of water

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19
Q

Which polysaccharide is this?

  • Polar
  • Produced by plant cells
  • hydrophilic, but not soluble in water (too large)
  • important for energy storage
A

Starch

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20
Q

2 types of starch

A 
Amylopectin
- repeated glucose units
-alpha molecules
• 1-4 and 1-6 bonds
- Globular shape

Amylose
- repeated glucose units
• 1-4 (straight)
- helix shape

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21
Q

Structure of Glucose (monosaccharide)

A
  • 6 carbon atoms
  • hexagonal shape
  • one branch
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22
Q

Structure of Sucrose (disaccharide)

A
  • 12 carbon atoms
  • hexagon and pentagon shapes
  • made from fructose and glucose
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23
Q

Structure of Fructose (monosaccharide)

A
  • 6 carbon atoms
  • pentagonal shape
  • 2 branches
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24
Q

Structure of Glycogen (polysaccharide)

A
  • 1 main helix and 2 branched helixes
25
Q

Structure of amylose (polysaccharide) (starch)

A
  • 1 helix
26
Q

Structure of amylopectin (polysaccharide) (starch)

A
  • 2 perpendicular helixes
27
Q

What type of fatty acid is this?

A
  • all carbons are saturated with hydrogens

- holds as much as possible

28
Q

What does monounsaturated mean

A

1 double bond in the fatty acid chain

29
Q

What does polyunsaturated mean

A

2+ double bonds in the fatty acid chain

30
Q

What is a cis-isomer

hint: it is commonly found in nature

A
  • “straight” fatty acid chain
  • hydrogens are on the same side
  • double bonds cause a (constant) bend in the fatty acid chain
  • loosely packed
31
Q

What is a trans-isomer

hint: not common in nature

A
  • A kink in the fatty acid chain
  • artificially produced
  • Hydrogen on the opposite side
  • closely packed

• Found in trans fats

32
Q

What causes Coronary heart disease (CHD)

A
  • When arteries become blocked by fat deposits
33
Q

What molecular compound is formed by a condensation reaction of 3 fatty acids and 1 glycerol

A

A triglyceride

34
Q

Covalent bonds in triglycerides…

A

Ester bonds

35
Q

Triglycerides are…

A

lipids

36
Q

What is the main structural use of lipids?

A

Phospholipids are a the main component of cell membranes

37
Q

Examples of lipids used for hormone signaling

A

Steroids (estrogen, protesterone, and testosterone)

38
Q

Examples of lipids used for insulation

A

Fats - serve as heat insulators

Sphingolipids (in neurons) serve as electrical insulators

39
Q

Examples of lipids that protect

A

triglycerides form tissue layers around organs

40
Q

For what type of energy storage are lipids used

A

long-term

41
Q

For what type of energy carbohydrates are lipids used

A

short term

42
Q

Lipids/fats are stored in specialized groups of cells called …

A

adipose tissue

43
Q

Where is adipose tissue located

A
  • immediately under skin

- around some organs (ex. kidney)

44
Q

The amount of energy released in cell respiration per gram of lipids is double that for used for…

A

carbohydrates (and proteins)

45
Q

Lipids add 0.5 as much to body mass than…

A

carbohydrates

46
Q

1g of glycogen stored is associated with…of water

A

2g

47
Q

…can be broken down into glucose rapidly and then transported easily by the blood

A

Glycogen

48
Q

Aerobic respiration

A

Uses oxygen

49
Q

Anaerobic respiration

A

Doesn’t use oxygen

50
Q

How fast can fats in adipose tissue be mobilized

A

Not very fast

51
Q

Glucose can be used in: anaerobic or aerobic respiration?

A

both

52
Q

Fats and fatty acids can be used in: anaerobic or aerobic respiration?

A

Only in aerobic

53
Q

Glycogen:

  • Length of energy storage
  • Where can it be found?
  • How available is it?
A
  • medium-term energy storage molecule
  • found in animals (liver and muscles)
  • readily available
54
Q

Glucose in the bloodstream is for…use

A

immediate

55
Q

What is the equation for the body mass index?

A

kg/m^2

56
Q

Beta bonds: Body … break down

A

can’t

57
Q

Alpha bonds: Body … break down

A

can

58
Q

Oligosaccharide

A

10 + sugar

IB HL BIO (3 decks)

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