2.3 Carbohydrates and Lipids Flashcards

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1
Q

What are some examples of monosaccharides?

A

Glucose, fructose, and ribose.

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2
Q

Distinguish between mono-, di-, and poly- saccharides.

A

Mono-: single sugar unit
Di-: two monosaccharides linked together
Poly-: many monosaccharides linked together

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3
Q

Define condensation of monosaccharides.

A

Combination of monosaccharides (anabolic process) by the loss of an -OH from one monomer and an H from an -OH from another, which together form H2O. The two molecules then bind through the remaining O from the second -OH which is known as a glycosidic bond.

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4
Q

Differentiate between alpha and beta glucoses.

A

Beta-glucose: -OH group pointing downward on C1.

Alpha-glucose: -OH group pointing up on C1.

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5
Q

Where is starch found? What is its structure?

A
  • Found in plants.
  • Linking of alpha-glucose molecules. Formed by condensation reaction between -OH groups on C1 and C4. Both point down so molecules can be oriented in the same way-> curved structure.
  • two types: amylose which forms an unbranched helix and amylopectin which forms a branched globular shape.
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6
Q

How does starch’s structure relate to its function?

A

-Can’t be dissolved in H20 due to its size-> useful in cells where large amounts of glucose need to be stored but where a concentrated glucose concentration solution would cause too much water to enter by osmosis -> good store of glucose and thus energy

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7
Q

Where is cellulose found? What is its structure?

A
  • Found in plants.
  • Linking beta-glucose molecules. -OH groups attached to C1 and C4 point in opposite directions, so each beta-glucose must be added in a straight line relative to the previous molecule, meaning the glucose subunits in the chain alternate in their orientations.
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8
Q

How does cellulose’s structure relate to its function?

A

-Cellulose is a straight chain rather than curved, allowing it to form bundles with H bonds linking the cellulose molecules -> high tensile strength, making it ideal for use in cell walls.

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9
Q

Where is glycogen found? What is its structure? How does its structure relate to its function?

A
  • Found in animals and fungi.
  • Similar to starch but with more branching, making it more compact.
  • As it is more compact, it makes for a great storage of energy in the liver and muscles where a concentrated glucose solution would yield too much osmosis.
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10
Q

How are triglycerides formed?

A

By condensation from three fatty acids and one glycerol, forming ester bonds between the two.

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11
Q

Differentiate between fats and oils.

A

Fats are liquid at body temperature but solid at room temperature while oils are liquid at both. Oils are formed from cis-unsatured fatty acids while fats are made from trans-unsaturated fatty acids.

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12
Q

Why are lipids better for long term energy storage than carbohydrates?

A
  • The amount of energy released in cellular respiration per gram of lipids is greater. They don’t require water to be held in cells.
  • Lipids have secondary roles like being heat insulators or shock absorbers, which carbohydrates could not do.
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13
Q

What carbohydrate is stored in the liver and muscles? Why?

A
  • Glycogen.
  • Glycogen broken down to glucose rapidly and then easily transported by the blood while fats can’t be mobilized quickly. Plus, glucose can be used in both aerobic and anaerobic respiration.
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14
Q

What is the difference between saturated and unsaturated fats?

A

Saturated fats have carbons filled with oxygens while unsaturated fats have double bonds between at least one pair of carbons.

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15
Q

What is the difference between cis and trans isomers?

A

Cis: H bonds on the same side of acid. Symmetrical.
Trans: H bonds on different side of acid.

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