2.3 Acid Base Chemistry (Things to Remember)

Question 1

What is Bronsted Acid?

Answer 1

Proton donor

Question 2

What is a Bronsted Base?

Answer 2

Proton acceptor

Question 3

What are the 7 Strong Acids?

Answer 3

HCl, HBr, HI, HClO3, HClO4, HNO3, H2SO4

Question 4

What are the 8 Strong Bases?

Answer 4

LiOH, NaOH, KOH, RbOH, CsOH, Ca(OH)2, Sr(OH)2, Ba(OH)2

Question 5

What is the relationship between pKa and acid strength?

Answer 5

The smaller the pKa, the STRONGER the acid

Question 6

What type of pKa is favored when determining which way the equilibrium lies? Why?

Answer 6

A higher pKa is favored because it indicates a weaker acid, and thus a more stable reaction

Question 7

What does a stronger acid create?

Answer 7

It creates a weaker conjugate base.

Question 8

What does a stronger base create?

Answer 8

It creates a weaker conjugate acid.

Question 9

What are the five factors of stability?

Answer 9

Electronegativity, size, resonance, hybridization, and induction

Question 10

How does size influence stability?

Answer 10

Larger atoms are more polarizable

Question 11

Where does atomic size increase on the periodic table?

Answer 11

It increases moving to the left and down

Question 12

How does hybridization influence stability?

Answer 12

More s character results in a more stable anion; it is physically closer to the nucleus (+)

Question 13

How does induction influence stability?

Answer 13

Charge is stabilized with dipole moments; proximity matters

Question 14

Why do C–H bonds contain electron density?

Answer 14

They are nonpolar

Question 15

List the strategies in ABC.

Answer 15

1. Determine which species is the acid and which is the base
2. Draw mechanism arrows
3. Decide EQ with the 5 factors

Question 16

List the relative order of the 5 factors of stability.

Answer 16

1. Eneg or size is about equal to resonance
2. Hybridization
3. Induction

Question 17

The best base is most ___________.

Answer 17

Reactive

Question 18

What is a Lewis Acid?

Answer 18

Electron pair acceptor

Question 19

What is a Lewis Base?

Answer 19

Electron pair donor

Question 20

What does a Lewis acid often have?

Answer 20

An unfilled valence shell

Question 21

What does a Lewis base have?

Answer 21

electron density

Question 22

What is unique about the valence of transition metals?

Answer 22

Have many empty d orbitals; can often accept more electrons without an octet violation

Question 23

What do nucleophiles want to attack?

Answer 23

The nucleus because it is positively charged

Question 24

What is a substitution reaction in ABC?

Answer 24

The leaving group is substituted with a Lewis base

Question 25

What can also act as nucleophiles? Why?

Answer 25

Lewis bases with pi bonds; pi bonds are weaker bonds because of their side to side collision, which allows them to act as nucleophiles since they can lose electrons more easily