2.2b Epidemiology Flashcards
What are the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in Canada?
Chronic diseases, including:
CVD, cancer, respiratory diseases, and diabetes
Is CVD the leading cause of mortality in Canada?
No, cancer, then CVD
What is encompassed within Cardiovascular diseases?
Coronary artery disease
stroke
congestive heart failure
valvular heart disease
rheumatic heart disease
peripheral arterial disease
congenital heart defects
Are mortality rates for heart disease increasing or decreasing since the 1950s?
Mortality rates for CVD have dropped considerably, despite being the leading cause of death in Canada
Men aged 65+ are __times more likely than women the same age to have diagnosed ischemic heart disease.
men 1.5x more likely
About what % of Canadian seniors (65+) had a stroke in 2016-2017?
~10% of seniors had a stroke
What % of Canadian seniors (65+) were living with diagnosed COPD in 2016-2017?
~20%
What is the difference between chronic bronchitis and emphysema?
Chronic bronchitis (thickening of the mid-airways, smooth muscle thickens, build-up of mucus, lack of ability to get rid of CO2)
Emphysema (weakening of the alveoli, they lose elasticity, lack of ability to get rid of CO2, use more accessory muscles to get rid of air)
What is multimorbidity?
the co-occurrence in the same individual of two or more of 10 common chronic diseases
includes heart disease, stroke, cancer (lifetime), asthma, COPD, diabetes, arthritis, Alzheimer disease or other dimentia, mood and anxiety disorders.
What is the relationship between multimorbidity and age
multimorbidity increases with age
Multimorbidity affects what % or proportion of Canadians aged 85+?
affects almost half (48%) of Canadians aged 85+
What is one of the most major modifiable risk factors?
Smoking – even though percentage of smokers has decreased
This is a HUGE modifiable risk factor
What is the leading risk factor for death in Canada?
These deaths are associated with what 3 main groups of diseases?
smoking
associated with diseases: cancer, CVD, and respiratory diseases
What are the non-modifiable risk factors for CVD? (4)
Age
Gender (male)
Ethnicity
Family history (genetics)
What are the modifiable risk factors for CVD? (7)
Smoking
Physical inactivity / Sedentary behav
Poor diet
Dyslipidemia
Hypertension
Diabetes (type 2 and pre-diabetes)
Obesity
Stress/depression/anger/hostility
Are type I and type II diabetes risk factors for CVD?
yes, both are
type II = modifiable
Do we accumulate the same benefits from vigorous vs. moderate exercise?
We accumulate more significant benefits from vigorous PA when not taken to extremes.
(can be higher risk when taken to extreme)
Is there new, limited or substantial evidence for the following:
MVPA association with cardiovascular risk?
Sedentary behaviour association with cardiovascular risk?
Light PA association with cardiovascular risk?
Substantial evidence: MVPA association with cardiovascular risk
New: Sedentary behaviour association with cardiovascular risk
Limited: Light PA association with cardiovascular risk
What is the relationship between sitting and dying?
more sitting = higher risk of dying
sitting more than half the day is associated with big increases in death rates for both people that exercise and those that don’t
How many minutes per week of physical activity are the minimum recommended to
accumulate significant health benefits?
150-300 at 3 METS
or 75-150 at 6METS+
(or a combination of these two)
SUM of at least 500 MET minutes per week
What is the minimum intensity of physical activity recommended to accumulate significant health benefits?
3 METS
What two components of sedentary behaviour contribute to the amount of risk associated with sitting?
- Total sedentary duration >= 750 minutes per day (12.5 hours)
- Mean sedentary bout duration > 10 min
Describe the relationship between improved cardiovascular fitness and mortality.
- For every 1 MET improvement in functional capacity, CV and all-cause mortality decrease on average by ~12%.
