228 Fungal disease Flashcards

1
Q

Which sterol is found in fungal plasma membranes?

A

Ergosterol

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2
Q

Which polysaccharide is found in the cell walls of fungi?

A

Chitin

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3
Q

What is the benefit of having seperate cells/compartments in a fungi?

A

Damaged cells can be separated off and shed

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4
Q

What form are yeasts in when causing infection?

A

pseudohyphal

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5
Q

What substance do vacuoles produce which contributes to the fungal virulence?

A

Exoenzymes

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6
Q
What are:
Histoplasmosis
Coccidiomycosis
Blastomycosis
Paracoccidioidomycosis
                                      examples of?
A

‘True’ fungal pathogens usually associated with travel

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7
Q

What is the mortality rate in immunodeficient patients with invasive candidiasis?

A

30%

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8
Q

What is a Wood’s lamp used for?

A

To see the fluorescence of certain micro-organisms

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9
Q

What is hypersensitivity pneumonitis?

A

Mix of type 3 and 4 hypersensitivity reactions causing inflammation in the lungs

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10
Q

Why is KOH used to stain for fungi?

A

It dissolves everything but chitin so fungal cells are easily visualised

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11
Q

Which type of hypersensitivity reaction can cause formation of granulomas?

A

Type 4 - recruitment of macrophages by lymphocytes which become highly active causing cell damage with the products they release

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12
Q

What is released by the hyphae in a mycetoma causing haemoptysis?

A

Oxalic acid - causes erosion of bv’s

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13
Q

What is released by aspergillus and causes hepatocellular carcinoma in Asia?

A

Aflatoxin

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14
Q

What is a mycetoma?

A

Ball of fungus within an old cavitating lesion e.g. old TB/abscess

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15
Q

Which antifungals are used to treat invasive aspergillosis?

A

Amphotericin

Flucytosine

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16
Q

What is dhobi itch?

A

Tinea cruris

17
Q

Which part of the body does tinea Manuum affect?

A

Hands

18
Q

Which part of the boy does tinea unguium affect?

A

Nails

19
Q

What are the 2 classes of azoles? (antifungals)

A

Imidazoles

Triazoles

20
Q

Which category of azoles do topical azoles adn ketoconazole come under?
Imidazoles
Triazoles

A

Imidazoles

21
Q

What is the MOA of azoles?

A

Inhibition of fungal cytochrome P450 which results in decrease of ergosterol and accumulation of toxic intermediates.

22
Q

Which species of fungi is fluconazole active against?

A

Candida spp
Cryptococcus spp
Dermatophytes

23
Q

Which species of fungi is voriconazole active against?

A

Aspergillus

Candida spp

24
Q

Which enzyme does caspofungin inhibits in the fungal cell wall?

A

1, 3 beta glucan synthase

25
Q

Which antifungal inhibits squalene epoxidase subsequently inhibiting the synthesis of ergosterol?

A

terbinafine

26
Q

Where in the body does terbinafine concentrate - what type of infections does it treat?

A

Superficial dermatophyte infections

27
Q

Which antifungal is 90% protein bound and highly toxic (can cause renal impairment and hypokalaemia)?

  1. Fluconazole
  2. Amphotericin
  3. Caspofungin
A

Amphotericin

28
Q

What is the MOA of amphotericin?

A

Binds to ergosterol in the membrane and forms pores which causes leakage of cations –> cell death

29
Q

Which antifungal converts to 5-fluorouracil in fungal cells to inhibit DNA synthesis?

  1. Flucytosine
  2. Griseofulvin
  3. Voriconazole
A

flucytosine

30
Q

What is flucytosine used for?

A

Antifungal which is used in combination with other drugs to decrease resistance.

31
Q

Which antifungal interacts with microtubules and interferes with mitosis?

  1. Flucytosine
  2. Griseofulvin
  3. Voriconazole
A

Griseofulvin