22.3 Cloning In Animals Flashcards
How do invertebrates clone naturally
Some regenerate entire animals from fragments of the original animal such as starfish
Hydra produce small buds on the side of their bodies
In insects females can produce offspring without mating
How do verterbrates clone naturally
Formation of monozygotic twins
Early embryo splits to form 2 seperate embryos
What are teh two ways to artificially clone vertebrates
Artificial twinning
Somatic cell nuclear transfer
What is the basic process of artificial twinning
And what the use of it
Split of embryo is produced manually
Used by farming community to produce the maximum offspring from particulary good dairy or cattle
What’s the first steps Of artificial twinning
Animal with desirable traits is treated with hormones so they superovulate and release more mature Ova than normal
What happens when more mature ova is produced in artificial twinning
Ova may be fertilised naturally
Or by artificial insemination by another animal with oaryically good traits
How do we get mature eggs in artificial twinning
Mature eggs are removed and fertilised by top quality bull semen in the lab
What happens to the cells before or around day 6 of artificial twinning
Cells are totipotent and the cells of the early embryo are split to produce smaller embryos
These are grown in a lab for a few days before implanting them into surrogate mother
What happens to the embryos after being impacted to surrogate mother
They develop into foetuses and are born normally
What is somatic cell nuclear transfer
Cloning an adult animal by taking the nucleus from an adult somatic cell and transferring it to an enuleated egg cell
Using a tiny electric shock to fuse the egg and nucleus and stimulate the combined cell to divide
How do they get a nucleus in somatic cell nuclear transfer and remove a nucleus from something
Nucleus is removed from a somatic cell of adult animal
Nucleus is also removed from a mature ovum harvested from a different female animal
The nucleus from somatic cell is placed into the enucleated ovum by a mild electric shock
What happens with the embryo that develops in somatic cell nuclear transfer
It’s transferred into the uterus of a third animal where it’s develops
Advantages of artificial twinning
Enables high yielding farm animals to produce many more offspring
Enables a teh success of a sire at passing on desirable genes
Advantages of SCNT
Enables GM embryos to be replicated and develop - important tin pharming
Enables scientists to clone specific animals
Enables rate or endangered animals to be reproduced
Cons of animal cloning
SCNT is very inefficient
they fail to develop and micarry
Shortened life spans
