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PSYCHOLOGY Cognitive > 2.2.1-2.2.10 Experiments > Flashcards

2.2.1-2.2.10 Experiments Flashcards

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1
Q

‘Experiment’ definition

A

A scientific procedure undertaken to test a hypothesis in order to demonstrate causal relationships

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2
Q

Outline what a ‘Lab Experiment’ is

A

-experiment where the researcher directly manipulates the IV to see the effect on the DV
-occurs in a controlled, artificial environment (control noise, space, temp)
-participants sign up

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3
Q

Outline what a ‘Field Experiment’ is

A

-experiment where the researcher directly manipulates the IV to see the effect on the DV
-occurs in a natural environment such as a school or a shopping centre
-experimenter goes to participants

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4
Q

Weaknesses of a Lab Experiment

A

-expensive to conduct
-participants are likely to guess aim and therefore demonstrate desired characteristics
-difficult to recruit participants
-time consuming to conduct
-low in external validity

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5
Q

Strengths of a Lab Experiment

A

-very scientific as it occurs in a controlled environment
-high repeatability and reliability as the same procedure is usually used for all participants
-participants can usually always give informed consent
-groups can be randomally allocated (no experimenter bias)
-high in internal validity (control of extraneous variables)

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6
Q

Weaknesses of a Field Experiment

A

-does not have full control over variables so not easy to repeat
-may not be able to gain informed consent
-sample could be unreppresentative
-low internal validity

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7
Q

Strengths of a Field Experiment

A

-shows natural behaviour but is also controlled
-high generalisability
-easy to gain participants
-participants won’t guess aim
-high in ecological validity

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8
Q

‘Hypothesis’ Definition

A

A statement that predicts the outcome of the results

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9
Q

‘Opeerationalisation’ Definition

A

Making the variable clear and precise by giving detail about the study

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10
Q

‘Experimental Group/Condition’ definition

A

The group who experiences the manipulated IV to see if it has any effect

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11
Q

‘Control Group/Condition’

A

the group that experiences no manipulation in IV, so it acts as a baseline for comparison

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12
Q

‘Experimental/Alternative Hypothesis’ definition

A

Hypothesis that states a relationship or difference between variables

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13
Q

‘Null Hypothesis’ definition

A

States that there is no relationship or difference between variables

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14
Q

‘Directional/One tailed Hypothesis’ definition

A

States the direction of the results thats expected (eg. higher, worse)

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15
Q

‘Non-Directional/Two Tailed Hypothesis’ definition

A

Does not predict the direction of results

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16
Q

‘Experimental Design’ definition

A

how participants are allocated to different groups in an experiment

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17
Q

‘Independent Measures’ definition

A

when different participants are used in each condition of the IV

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18
Q

Evaluate Independent Measures

A

Strengths: each participant takes part in 1 condition so therefore won’t guess the aim
Weaknesses: individual differences affect results, large group sizes are requires

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19
Q

‘Repeated Measures’ definition

A

when the same participants take part in each condition of the IV

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20
Q

Evaluate Repeated Measures

A

Strengths: eliminates individual differences, can have a small sample
Weaknesses: could guess the aim of research, could demonstrate order effects

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21
Q

‘Matched Pairs’ definition

A

pairs of participants are matched across groups in terms of key variables

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22
Q

Evaluate Matched Pairs

A

Strengths: overcomes individual differences
Weaknesses: difficult to find matched pairs, time consuming

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23
Q

‘Order Effects’ definition and examples

A

The effects or doing multiple trials in a repeated measures design eg. tiredness, practice

24
Q

‘Counterbalancing’ definition

A

Steps that are taken to minimise the impact of order effects.
The participant sample is divided in half, with each half completing the two conditions in different orders

25
Q

‘Random Allocation’ Definition

A

When participants are randomally allocated to the conditions in order to avoid bias and participant variables

26
Q

‘Extraneous Variables’ definition

A

Variables that may affect results when they are not controlled for eg. alcohol consumption

27
Q

‘Confounding Variables’ definition

A

Variables that impact the IV and DV as they aren’t controlled for eg. smoking

28
Q

‘Participant Variables’ definition

A

Characteristics of those taking part eg. IQ

29
Q

‘Situational Variables’ definition

A

Environmental factors that can affect the research

30
Q

‘Experimenter Effects’ definition

A

Things about the experimenter that affect the results, rather than the change in IV
A weakness of matched pairs
eg. gender, age, clothing

31
Q

‘Experimenter Bias’ definition

A

When the experimenter’s beliefs or aims interfere with the results
Resolved by using a 3rd party

32
Q

‘Single Blind Trial’ definition

A

When the participant doesn’t know which group they’re in, but the researcher does

33
Q

‘Double Blind Trial’ definition

A

when neither the experimenter or the participants know which group they’re in

34
Q

‘Objectivity’ definition

A

A conclusion that’s based on scientific facts and observations that are provable and measurable

35
Q

‘Subjectivity’ definition

A

A conclusion that’s affected by bias assumptions, beliefs and emotions

36
Q

‘Reliability’ definition

A

The idea of consistency or replicability, results for a test should always be the same

37
Q

‘Inter rater reliability’ definition

A

when two or more individuals have a high agreement on a score and therefore the measurement of behaviour is reliable

38
Q

‘Test retest reliability’ definition

A

Testing multiple times to measure stability

39
Q

‘Standardised Procedure’ definition

A

When the procedure is the same for every participant

40
Q

‘Validity’ definition

A

whether a result is true and whether the investigation measures what it’s supposed to measure

41
Q

‘Internal validity’ definition

A

a measure of whether results are affected only by changes to the IV

42
Q

‘Construct Validity’ definition

A

Whether a measure successfully measures what it’s intended to

43
Q

‘Concurrent Validity’ definition

A

extent to which the test correlates with a measure that’s been tested previously

44
Q

‘Predictive Validity’ definition

A

If a test accurately predicts a future outcome

45
Q

‘External Validity’ definition

A

a measure of whether the results can be generalised to situations outside of the one thag it’s measured in

46
Q

‘Population Validity’ definition

A

Whether the results can be generalised to a larger population

47
Q

‘Ecological Validity’ definition

A

Whether data is generalisable to the real world

48
Q

‘Mundane Realism’ definition

A

How similar materials and procedures in an experiment are to real world events

49
Q

‘Sampling’ definition

A

Process of selecting subjects to study from the target population, should be as representative as possible and of a sufficient size

50
Q

‘Random Sampling’ definition

A

Participants are selected by chance, everyone has an equal chance of being selected, requires a method of numbering people

51
Q

‘Opportunity Sampling’ definition

A

Researcher asks who is available at the time

52
Q

‘Systematic sampling’ definition

A

Researcher divides target population into sections and takes an equal proportion from each group

53
Q

‘Self selected’ definition

A

Participants take part because they volunteer, for example by responding to an advert

54
Q

Evaluate ‘Random Sampling’

A

Strengths: represents target population, eliminates sample bias, can be representative
Weaknesses: time consuming, lots of effort, expensive, requires small groups

55
Q

Evaluate ‘Opportunity Sampling’

A

Strengths: quick and easy, doesn’t require much time or effort
Weaknesses: not always reflective, experimenter bias

56
Q

Evaluate ‘Volounteer Sampling’

A

Strengths: will comply with experiment, less work for experimenter, no experimenter bias
Weaknesses: not always representative as a certain type of person will volounteer

57
Q

Evaluate ‘Stratified Sampling’

A

Strengths: highly representative, results can be generalised, can be done on small scale
Weaknesses: time consuming and difficult, rarely used, involves calculations and recruitment

PSYCHOLOGY Cognitive (10 decks)

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