2.2: The working memory model (WMM)

Question 1

Describe and evaluate the working memory model of memory (16 marks)/Discuss what psychological research has shown about working memory (16 marks).
In your answer, refer to theory and/or evidence

Answer 1

Baddeley and Hitch conducted an experiment in which participants were asked to perform two tasks simultaneously (dual-task technique) and found that participants made few errors in either tasks

Question 2

Describe and evaluate the working memory model of memory (16 marks)/Discuss what psychological research has shown about working memory (16 marks).
In your answer, refer to theory and/or evidence.
Baddeley and Hitch conducted an experiment in which participants were asked to perform two tasks simultaneously (dual-task technique) and found that participants made few errors in either tasks.
What did Baddeley and Hitch therefore conclude?

Answer 2

Baddeley and Hitch therefore concluded that STM must be made up of separate components, all of which are involved in processes other than simple storage

Question 3

Describe and evaluate the working memory model of memory (16 marks)/Discuss what psychological research has shown about working memory (16 marks).
In your answer, refer to theory and/or evidence.
Baddeley and Hitch conducted an experiment in which participants were asked to perform two tasks simultaneously (dual-task technique) and found that participants made few errors in either tasks.
Baddeley and Hitch therefore concluded that STM must be made up of separate components, all of which are involved in processes other than simple storage.
The working memory model (WMM)

Answer 3

The working memory model (WMM) was proposed by Baddeley and Hitch in the 1970s as an updated version of STM

Question 4

Describe and evaluate the working memory model of memory (16 marks)/ Discuss what psychological research has shown about working memory (16 marks).
In your answer, refer to theory and/or evidence.
Baddeley and Hitch conducted an experiment in which participants were asked to perform two tasks simultaneously (dual-task technique) and found that participants made few errors in either tasks.
Baddeley and Hitch therefore concluded that STM must be made up of separate components, all of which are involved in processes other than simple storage.
The working memory model (WMM) was proposed by Baddeley and Hitch in the 1970s as an updated version of STM.

Answer 4

Baddeley and Hitch’s working memory model is a version of STM that sees STM as an active processor

Question 5

Describe and evaluate the working memory model of memory (16 marks)/Discuss what psychological research has shown about working memory (16 marks).
In your answer, refer to theory and/or evidence.
Baddeley and Hitch conducted an experiment in which participants were asked to perform two tasks simultaneously (dual-task technique) and found that participants made few errors in either tasks.
Baddeley and Hitch therefore concluded that STM must be made up of separate components, all of which are involved in processes other than simple storage.
The working memory model (WMM) was proposed by Baddeley and Hitch in the 1970s as an updated version of STM.
Baddeley and Hitch’s working memory model is a version of STM that sees STM as an active processor.

Answer 5

At the head of the WMM is the central executive.
The central executive has a brief duration and capacity and oversees the 2 ‘slave’ systems, the phonological loop and the visuo-spatial sketchpad, which are temporary stores that process specific types of information

Question 6

Describe and evaluate the working memory model of memory (16 marks)/Discuss what psychological research has shown about working memory (16 marks).
In your answer, refer to theory and/or evidence.
Baddeley and Hitch conducted an experiment in which participants were asked to perform two tasks simultaneously (dual-task technique) and found that participants made few errors in either tasks.
Baddeley and Hitch therefore concluded that STM must be made up of separate components, all of which are involved in processes other than simple storage.
The working memory model (WMM) was proposed by Baddeley and Hitch in the 1970s as an updated version of STM.
Baddeley and Hitch’s working memory model is a version of STM that sees STM as an active processor.
At the head of the working memory model is the central executive.
The central executive has a brief duration and capacity and oversees the 2 ‘slave’ systems, the phonological loop and the visuo-spatial sketchpad, which are temporary stores that process specific types of information.
The phonological loop

Answer 6

The phonological loop also has a brief duration and capacity.
The phonological loop consists of 2 components - the phonological store and the articulatory control process and it is used for internal repetition to aid memory and also encodes acoustically

Question 7

Describe and evaluate the working memory model of memory (16 marks)/Discuss what psychological research has shown about working memory (16 marks).
In your answer, refer to theory and/or evidence.
Baddeley and Hitch conducted an experiment in which participants were asked to perform two tasks simultaneously (dual-task technique) and found that participants made few errors in either tasks.
Baddeley and Hitch therefore concluded that STM must be made up of separate components, all of which are involved in processes other than simple storage.
The working memory model (WMM) was proposed by Baddeley and Hitch in the 1970s as an updated version of STM.
Baddeley and Hitch’s working memory model is a version of STM that sees STM as an active processor.
At the head of the working memory model is the central executive.
The central executive has a brief duration and capacity and oversees the 2 ‘slave’ systems, the phonological loop and the visuo-spatial sketchpad, which are temporary stores that process specific types of information.
The phonological loop also has a brief duration and capacity.
The phonological loop consists of 2 components - the phonological store and the articulatory control process and it is used for internal repetition to aid memory and also encodes acoustically.
The visuo-spatial sketchpad

Answer 7

The visuo-spatial sketchpad can also be divided into the visual cache and the inner scribe.
It encodes visually (inner eye) and is used for visual or spatial tasks.
It too has a brief duration and a limited capacity

Question 8

Describe and evaluate the working memory model of memory (16 marks)/Discuss what psychological research has shown about working memory (16 marks).
In your answer, refer to theory and/or evidence.
Baddeley and Hitch conducted an experiment in which participants were asked to perform two tasks simultaneously (dual-task technique) and found that participants made few errors in either tasks.
Baddeley and Hitch therefore concluded that STM must be made up of separate components, all of which are involved in processes other than simple storage.
The working memory model (WMM) was proposed by Baddeley and Hitch in the 1970s as an updated version of STM.
Baddeley and Hitch’s working memory model is a version of STM that sees STM as an active processor.
At the head of the working memory model is the central executive.
The central executive has a brief duration and capacity and oversees the 2 ‘slave’ systems, the phonological loop and the visuo-spatial sketchpad, which are temporary stores that process specific types of information.
The phonological loop also has a brief duration and capacity.
The phonological loop consists of 2 components - the phonological store and the articulatory control process and it is used for internal repetition to aid memory and also encodes acoustically.
The visuo-spatial sketchpad can also be divided into the visual cache and the inner scribe.
It encodes visually (inner eye) and is used for visual or spatial tasks.
It too has a brief duration and a limited capacity.

Answer 8

A 4th component, the episodic buffer, was added by Baddeley in 2000 to address the shortcomings of the model

Question 9

Describe and evaluate the working memory model of memory (16 marks)/Discuss what psychological research has shown about working memory (16 marks).
In your answer, refer to theory and/or evidence.
Baddeley and Hitch conducted an experiment in which participants were asked to perform two tasks simultaneously (dual-task technique) and found that participants made few errors in either tasks.
Baddeley and Hitch therefore concluded that STM must be made up of separate components, all of which are involved in processes other than simple storage.
The working memory model (WMM) was proposed by Baddeley and Hitch in the 1970s as an updated version of STM.
Baddeley and Hitch’s working memory model is a version of STM that sees STM as an active processor.
At the head of the working memory model is the central executive.
The central executive has a brief duration and capacity and oversees the 2 ‘slave’ systems, the phonological loop and the visuo-spatial sketchpad, which are temporary stores that process specific types of information.
The phonological loop also has a brief duration and capacity.
The phonological loop consists of 2 components - the phonological store and the articulatory control process and it is used for internal repetition to aid memory and also encodes acoustically.
The visuo-spatial sketchpad can also be divided into the visual cache and the inner scribe.
It encodes visually (inner eye) and is used for visual or spatial tasks.
It too has a brief duration and a limited capacity.
A 4th component, the episodic buffer, was added by Baddeley in 2000 to address the shortcomings of the model.

First AO3 PEEL paragraph

Answer 9

The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that there is clinical evidence to support the working memory model

Question 10

Describe and evaluate the working memory model of memory (16 marks)/Discuss what psychological research has shown about working memory (16 marks).
In your answer, refer to theory and/or evidence.
Baddeley and Hitch conducted an experiment in which participants were asked to perform two tasks simultaneously (dual-task technique) and found that participants made few errors in either tasks.
Baddeley and Hitch therefore concluded that STM must be made up of separate components, all of which are involved in processes other than simple storage.
The working memory model (WMM) was proposed by Baddeley and Hitch in the 1970s as an updated version of STM.
Baddeley and Hitch’s working memory model is a version of STM that sees STM as an active processor.
At the head of the working memory model is the central executive.
The central executive has a brief duration and capacity and oversees the 2 ‘slave’ systems, the phonological loop and the visuo-spatial sketchpad, which are temporary stores that process specific types of information.
The phonological loop also has a brief duration and capacity.
The phonological loop consists of 2 components - the phonological store and the articulatory control process and it is used for internal repetition to aid memory and also encodes acoustically.
The visuo-spatial sketchpad can also be divided into the visual cache and the inner scribe.
It encodes visually (inner eye) and is used for visual or spatial tasks.
It too has a brief duration and a limited capacity.
A 4th component, the episodic buffer, was added by Baddeley in 2000 to address the shortcomings of the model.

The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that there is clinical evidence to support the working memory model.
Example

Answer 10

For example, Shallice and Warrington’s (1970) case study of KF, who had suffered brain damage.
After this damage happened, KF had poor STM ability for verbal information, but could process visual information normally presented visually.
KF had difficulty with sounds, but could recall letters and digits

Question 11

Describe and evaluate the working memory model of memory (16 marks)/Discuss what psychological research has shown about working memory (16 marks).
In your answer, refer to theory and/or evidence.
Baddeley and Hitch conducted an experiment in which participants were asked to perform two tasks simultaneously (dual-task technique) and found that participants made few errors in either tasks.
Baddeley and Hitch therefore concluded that STM must be made up of separate components, all of which are involved in processes other than simple storage.
The working memory model (WMM) was proposed by Baddeley and Hitch in the 1970s as an updated version of STM.
Baddeley and Hitch’s working memory model is a version of STM that sees STM as an active processor.
At the head of the working memory model is the central executive.
The central executive has a brief duration and capacity and oversees the 2 ‘slave’ systems, the phonological loop and the visuo-spatial sketchpad, which are temporary stores that process specific types of information.
The phonological loop also has a brief duration and capacity.
The phonological loop consists of 2 components - the phonological store and the articulatory control process and it is used for internal repetition to aid memory and also encodes acoustically.
The visuo-spatial sketchpad can also be divided into the visual cache and the inner scribe.
It encodes visually (inner eye) and is used for visual or spatial tasks.
It too has a brief duration and a limited capacity.
A 4th component, the episodic buffer, was added by Baddeley in 2000 to address the shortcomings of the model.

The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that there is clinical evidence to support the working memory model.
For example, Shallice and Warrington’s (1970) case study of KF, who had suffered brain damage.
After this damage happened, KF had poor STM ability for verbal information, but could process visual information normally presented visually.
KF had difficulty with sounds, but could recall letters and digits.
What does this suggest?

Answer 11

This suggests that just his phonological loop had been damaged, leaving other areas of memory intact

Question 12

Describe and evaluate the working memory model of memory (16 marks)/Discuss what psychological research has shown about working memory (16 marks).
In your answer, refer to theory and/or evidence.
Baddeley and Hitch conducted an experiment in which participants were asked to perform two tasks simultaneously (dual-task technique) and found that participants made few errors in either tasks.
Baddeley and Hitch therefore concluded that STM must be made up of separate components, all of which are involved in processes other than simple storage.
The working memory model (WMM) was proposed by Baddeley and Hitch in the 1970s as an updated version of STM.
Baddeley and Hitch’s working memory model is a version of STM that sees STM as an active processor.
At the head of the working memory model is the central executive.
The central executive has a brief duration and capacity and oversees the 2 ‘slave’ systems, the phonological loop and the visuo-spatial sketchpad, which are temporary stores that process specific types of information.
The phonological loop also has a brief duration and capacity.
The phonological loop consists of 2 components - the phonological store and the articulatory control process and it is used for internal repetition to aid memory and also encodes acoustically.
The visuo-spatial sketchpad can also be divided into the visual cache and the inner scribe.
It encodes visually (inner eye) and is used for visual or spatial tasks.
It too has a brief duration and a limited capacity.
A 4th component, the episodic buffer, was added by Baddeley in 2000 to address the shortcomings of the model.

The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that there is clinical evidence to support the working memory model.
For example, Shallice and Warrington’s (1970) case study of KF, who had suffered brain damage.
After this damage happened, KF had poor STM ability for verbal information, but could process visual information normally presented visually.
KF had difficulty with sounds, but could recall letters and digits.
This suggests that just his phonological loop had been damaged, leaving other areas of memory intact.
What does this do?

Answer 12

This:

1. Supports the existence of a separate visual and acoustic store
2. Suggests that the working memory model is a valid explanation of memory

Question 13

Describe and evaluate the working memory model of memory (16 marks)/Discuss what psychological research has shown about working memory (16 marks).
In your answer, refer to theory and/or evidence.
Baddeley and Hitch conducted an experiment in which participants were asked to perform two tasks simultaneously (dual-task technique) and found that participants made few errors in either tasks.
Baddeley and Hitch therefore concluded that STM must be made up of separate components, all of which are involved in processes other than simple storage.
The working memory model (WMM) was proposed by Baddeley and Hitch in the 1970s as an updated version of STM.
Baddeley and Hitch’s working memory model is a version of STM that sees STM as an active processor.
At the head of the working memory model is the central executive.
The central executive has a brief duration and capacity and oversees the 2 ‘slave’ systems, the phonological loop and the visuo-spatial sketchpad, which are temporary stores that process specific types of information.
The phonological loop also has a brief duration and capacity.
The phonological loop consists of 2 components - the phonological store and the articulatory control process and it is used for internal repetition to aid memory and also encodes acoustically.
The visuo-spatial sketchpad can also be divided into the visual cache and the inner scribe.
It encodes visually (inner eye) and is used for visual or spatial tasks.
It too has a brief duration and a limited capacity.
A 4th component, the episodic buffer, was added by Baddeley in 2000 to address the shortcomings of the model.

The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that there is clinical evidence to support the working memory model.
For example, Shallice and Warrington’s (1970) case study of KF, who had suffered brain damage.
After this damage happened, KF had poor STM ability for verbal information, but could process visual information normally presented visually.
KF had difficulty with sounds, but could recall letters and digits.
This suggests that just his phonological loop had been damaged, leaving other areas of memory intact.
This supports the existence of a separate visual and acoustic store and suggests that the working memory model is a valid explanation of memory.

Second AO3 PEEL paragraph

Answer 13

The second AO3 PEEL paragraph is that However, it was a unique case study of a brain-damaged individual, so its findings cannot be generalised to the wider population

Question 14

Describe and evaluate the working memory model of memory (16 marks)/Discuss what psychological research has shown about working memory (16 marks).
In your answer, refer to theory and/or evidence.
Baddeley and Hitch conducted an experiment in which participants were asked to perform two tasks simultaneously (dual-task technique) and found that participants made few errors in either tasks.
Baddeley and Hitch therefore concluded that STM must be made up of separate components, all of which are involved in processes other than simple storage.
The working memory model (WMM) was proposed by Baddeley and Hitch in the 1970s as an updated version of STM.
Baddeley and Hitch’s working memory model is a version of STM that sees STM as an active processor.
At the head of the working memory model is the central executive.
The central executive has a brief duration and capacity and oversees the 2 ‘slave’ systems, the phonological loop and the visuo-spatial sketchpad, which are temporary stores that process specific types of information.
The phonological loop also has a brief duration and capacity.
The phonological loop consists of 2 components - the phonological store and the articulatory control process and it is used for internal repetition to aid memory and also encodes acoustically.
The visuo-spatial sketchpad can also be divided into the visual cache and the inner scribe.
It encodes visually (inner eye) and is used for visual or spatial tasks.
It too has a brief duration and a limited capacity.
A 4th component, the episodic buffer, was added by Baddeley in 2000 to address the shortcomings of the model.

The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that there is clinical evidence to support the working memory model.
For example, Shallice and Warrington’s (1970) case study of KF, who had suffered brain damage.
After this damage happened, KF had poor STM ability for verbal information, but could process visual information normally presented visually.
KF had difficulty with sounds, but could recall letters and digits.
This suggests that just his phonological loop had been damaged, leaving other areas of memory intact.
This supports the existence of a separate visual and acoustic store and suggests that the working memory model is a valid explanation of memory.

The second AO3 PEEL paragraph is that However, it was a unique case study of a brain-damaged individual, so its findings cannot be generalised to the wider population.

Answer 14

Case studies can also not be replicated as this would be unethical, so it is difficult to test the reliability of the results

Question 15

Describe and evaluate the working memory model of memory (16 marks)/Discuss what psychological research has shown about working memory (16 marks).
In your answer, refer to theory and/or evidence.
Baddeley and Hitch conducted an experiment in which participants were asked to perform two tasks simultaneously (dual-task technique) and found that participants made few errors in either tasks.
Baddeley and Hitch therefore concluded that STM must be made up of separate components, all of which are involved in processes other than simple storage.
The working memory model (WMM) was proposed by Baddeley and Hitch in the 1970s as an updated version of STM.
Baddeley and Hitch’s working memory model is a version of STM that sees STM as an active processor.
At the head of the working memory model is the central executive.
The central executive has a brief duration and capacity and oversees the 2 ‘slave’ systems, the phonological loop and the visuo-spatial sketchpad, which are temporary stores that process specific types of information.
The phonological loop also has a brief duration and capacity.
The phonological loop consists of 2 components - the phonological store and the articulatory control process and it is used for internal repetition to aid memory and also encodes acoustically.
The visuo-spatial sketchpad can also be divided into the visual cache and the inner scribe.
It encodes visually (inner eye) and is used for visual or spatial tasks.
It too has a brief duration and a limited capacity.
A 4th component, the episodic buffer, was added by Baddeley in 2000 to address the shortcomings of the model.

The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that there is clinical evidence to support the working memory model.
For example, Shallice and Warrington’s (1970) case study of KF, who had suffered brain damage.
After this damage happened, KF had poor STM ability for verbal information, but could process visual information normally presented visually.
KF had difficulty with sounds, but could recall letters and digits.
This suggests that just his phonological loop had been damaged, leaving other areas of memory intact.
This supports the existence of a separate visual and acoustic store and suggests that the working memory model is a valid explanation of memory.

The second AO3 PEEL paragraph is that However, it was a unique case study of a brain-damaged individual, so its findings cannot be generalised to the wider population.
Case studies can also not be replicated as this would be unethical, so it is difficult to test the reliability of the results.

Answer 15

The evidence from brain-damaged patients itself may not be reliable, because it concerns unique cases with patients who have had traumatic experiences

Question 16

Describe and evaluate the working memory model of memory (16 marks)/Discuss what psychological research has shown about working memory (16 marks).
In your answer, refer to theory and/or evidence.
Baddeley and Hitch conducted an experiment in which participants were asked to perform two tasks simultaneously (dual-task technique) and found that participants made few errors in either tasks.
Baddeley and Hitch therefore concluded that STM must be made up of separate components, all of which are involved in processes other than simple storage.
The working memory model (WMM) was proposed by Baddeley and Hitch in the 1970s as an updated version of STM.
Baddeley and Hitch’s working memory model is a version of STM that sees STM as an active processor.
At the head of the working memory model is the central executive.
The central executive has a brief duration and capacity and oversees the 2 ‘slave’ systems, the phonological loop and the visuo-spatial sketchpad, which are temporary stores that process specific types of information.
The phonological loop also has a brief duration and capacity.
The phonological loop consists of 2 components - the phonological store and the articulatory control process and it is used for internal repetition to aid memory and also encodes acoustically.
The visuo-spatial sketchpad can also be divided into the visual cache and the inner scribe.
It encodes visually (inner eye) and is used for visual or spatial tasks.
It too has a brief duration and a limited capacity.
A 4th component, the episodic buffer, was added by Baddeley in 2000 to address the shortcomings of the model.

The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that there is clinical evidence to support the working memory model.
For example, Shallice and Warrington’s (1970) case study of KF, who had suffered brain damage.
After this damage happened, KF had poor STM ability for verbal information, but could process visual information normally presented visually.
KF had difficulty with sounds, but could recall letters and digits.
This suggests that just his phonological loop had been damaged, leaving other areas of memory intact.
This supports the existence of a separate visual and acoustic store and suggests that the working memory model is a valid explanation of memory.

The second AO3 PEEL paragraph is that However, it was a unique case study of a brain-damaged individual, so its findings cannot be generalised to the wider population.
Case studies can also not be replicated as this would be unethical, so it is difficult to test the reliability of the results.
The evidence from brain-damaged patients itself may not be reliable, because it concerns unique cases with patients who have had traumatic experiences.
What does this therefore do?

Answer 16

This therefore invalidates the research and challenges the validity of the working memory model

Question 17

Describe and evaluate the working memory model of memory (16 marks)/Discuss what psychological research has shown about working memory (16 marks).
In your answer, refer to theory and/or evidence.
Baddeley and Hitch conducted an experiment in which participants were asked to perform two tasks simultaneously (dual-task technique) and found that participants made few errors in either tasks.
Baddeley and Hitch therefore concluded that STM must be made up of separate components, all of which are involved in processes other than simple storage.
The working memory model (WMM) was proposed by Baddeley and Hitch in the 1970s as an updated version of STM.
Baddeley and Hitch’s working memory model is a version of STM that sees STM as an active processor.
At the head of the working memory model is the central executive.
The central executive has a brief duration and capacity and oversees the 2 ‘slave’ systems, the phonological loop and the visuo-spatial sketchpad, which are temporary stores that process specific types of information.
The phonological loop also has a brief duration and capacity.
The phonological loop consists of 2 components - the phonological store and the articulatory control process and it is used for internal repetition to aid memory and also encodes acoustically.
The visuo-spatial sketchpad can also be divided into the visual cache and the inner scribe.
It encodes visually (inner eye) and is used for visual or spatial tasks.
It too has a brief duration and a limited capacity.
A 4th component, the episodic buffer, was added by Baddeley in 2000 to address the shortcomings of the model.

The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that there is clinical evidence to support the working memory model.
For example, Shallice and Warrington’s (1970) case study of KF, who had suffered brain damage.
After this damage happened, KF had poor STM ability for verbal information, but could process visual information normally presented visually.
KF had difficulty with sounds, but could recall letters and digits.
This suggests that just his phonological loop had been damaged, leaving other areas of memory intact.
This supports the existence of a separate visual and acoustic store and suggests that the working memory model is a valid explanation of memory.

The second AO3 PEEL paragraph is that However, it was a unique case study of a brain-damaged individual, so its findings cannot be generalised to the wider population.
Case studies can also not be replicated as this would be unethical, so it is difficult to test the reliability of the results.
The evidence from brain-damaged patients itself may not be reliable, because it concerns unique cases with patients who have had traumatic experiences.
This therefore invalidates the research and challenges the validity of the working memory model.

Third AO3 PEEL paragraph

Answer 17

The third AO3 PEEL paragraph is that studies of dual-task performance support the separate existence of the visuo-spatial sketchpad

Question 18

Describe and evaluate the working memory model of memory (16 marks)/Discuss what psychological research has shown about working memory (16 marks).
In your answer, refer to theory and/or evidence.
Baddeley and Hitch conducted an experiment in which participants were asked to perform two tasks simultaneously (dual-task technique) and found that participants made few errors in either tasks.
Baddeley and Hitch therefore concluded that STM must be made up of separate components, all of which are involved in processes other than simple storage.
The working memory model (WMM) was proposed by Baddeley and Hitch in the 1970s as an updated version of STM.
Baddeley and Hitch’s working memory model is a version of STM that sees STM as an active processor.
At the head of the working memory model is the central executive.
The central executive has a brief duration and capacity and oversees the 2 ‘slave’ systems, the phonological loop and the visuo-spatial sketchpad, which are temporary stores that process specific types of information.
The phonological loop also has a brief duration and capacity.
The phonological loop consists of 2 components - the phonological store and the articulatory control process and it is used for internal repetition to aid memory and also encodes acoustically.
The visuo-spatial sketchpad can also be divided into the visual cache and the inner scribe.
It encodes visually (inner eye) and is used for visual or spatial tasks.
It too has a brief duration and a limited capacity.
A 4th component, the episodic buffer, was added by Baddeley in 2000 to address the shortcomings of the model.

The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that there is clinical evidence to support the working memory model.
For example, Shallice and Warrington’s (1970) case study of KF, who had suffered brain damage.
After this damage happened, KF had poor STM ability for verbal information, but could process visual information normally presented visually.
KF had difficulty with sounds, but could recall letters and digits.
This suggests that just his phonological loop had been damaged, leaving other areas of memory intact.
This supports the existence of a separate visual and acoustic store and suggests that the working memory model is a valid explanation of memory.

The second AO3 PEEL paragraph is that However, it was a unique case study of a brain-damaged individual, so its findings cannot be generalised to the wider population.
Case studies can also not be replicated as this would be unethical, so it is difficult to test the reliability of the results.
The evidence from brain-damaged patients itself may not be reliable, because it concerns unique cases with patients who have had traumatic experiences.
This therefore invalidates the research and challenges the validity of the working memory model.

The third AO3 PEEL paragraph is that studies of dual-task performance support the separate existence of the visuo-spatial sketchpad.
Example

Answer 18

For example, Baddeley et al. (1975) showed that participants had more difficulty doing two visual tasks (tracking a light and describing the letter F) than doing both a visual and verbal task at the same time.
This increased difficulty is because both visual tasks compete for the same slave system, whereas when doing a verbal and visual task simultaneously, there is no competition.
This means that there must be a separate slave system (the visuo-spatial sketchpad) that processes visual input

Question 19

Describe and evaluate the working memory model of memory (16 marks)/Discuss what psychological research has shown about working memory (16 marks).
In your answer, refer to theory and/or evidence.
Baddeley and Hitch conducted an experiment in which participants were asked to perform two tasks simultaneously (dual-task technique) and found that participants made few errors in either tasks.
Baddeley and Hitch therefore concluded that STM must be made up of separate components, all of which are involved in processes other than simple storage.
The working memory model (WMM) was proposed by Baddeley and Hitch in the 1970s as an updated version of STM.
Baddeley and Hitch’s working memory model is a version of STM that sees STM as an active processor.
At the head of the working memory model is the central executive.
The central executive has a brief duration and capacity and oversees the 2 ‘slave’ systems, the phonological loop and the visuo-spatial sketchpad, which are temporary stores that process specific types of information.
The phonological loop also has a brief duration and capacity.
The phonological loop consists of 2 components - the phonological store and the articulatory control process and it is used for internal repetition to aid memory and also encodes acoustically.
The visuo-spatial sketchpad can also be divided into the visual cache and the inner scribe.
It encodes visually (inner eye) and is used for visual or spatial tasks.
It too has a brief duration and a limited capacity.
A 4th component, the episodic buffer, was added by Baddeley in 2000 to address the shortcomings of the model.

The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that there is clinical evidence to support the working memory model.
For example, Shallice and Warrington’s (1970) case study of KF, who had suffered brain damage.
After this damage happened, KF had poor STM ability for verbal information, but could process visual information normally presented visually.
KF had difficulty with sounds, but could recall letters and digits.
This suggests that just his phonological loop had been damaged, leaving other areas of memory intact.
This supports the existence of a separate visual and acoustic store and suggests that the working memory model is a valid explanation of memory.

The second AO3 PEEL paragraph is that However, it was a unique case study of a brain-damaged individual, so its findings cannot be generalised to the wider population.
Case studies can also not be replicated as this would be unethical, so it is difficult to test the reliability of the results.
The evidence from brain-damaged patients itself may not be reliable, because it concerns unique cases with patients who have had traumatic experiences.
This therefore invalidates the research and challenges the validity of the working memory model.

The third AO3 PEEL paragraph is that studies of dual-task performance support the separate existence of the visuo-spatial sketchpad.
For example, Baddeley et al. (1975) showed that participants had more difficulty doing two visual tasks (tracking a light and describing the letter F) than doing both a visual and verbal task at the same time.
This increased difficulty is because both visual tasks compete for the same slave system, whereas when doing a verbal and visual task simultaneously, there is no competition.
This means that there must be a separate slave system (the visuo-spatial sketchpad) that processes visual input.
What does this also show?

Answer 19

This also shows that the WMM is a much more valid model of memory than other models, such as the multi-store of memory, that do not include this separate store

Question 20

Describe and evaluate the working memory model of memory (16 marks)/Discuss what psychological research has shown about working memory (16 marks).
In your answer, refer to theory and/or evidence.
Baddeley and Hitch conducted an experiment in which participants were asked to perform two tasks simultaneously (dual-task technique) and found that participants made few errors in either tasks.
Baddeley and Hitch therefore concluded that STM must be made up of separate components, all of which are involved in processes other than simple storage.
The working memory model (WMM) was proposed by Baddeley and Hitch in the 1970s as an updated version of STM.
Baddeley and Hitch’s working memory model is a version of STM that sees STM as an active processor.
At the head of the working memory model is the central executive.
The central executive has a brief duration and capacity and oversees the 2 ‘slave’ systems, the phonological loop and the visuo-spatial sketchpad, which are temporary stores that process specific types of information.
The phonological loop also has a brief duration and capacity.
The phonological loop consists of 2 components - the phonological store and the articulatory control process and it is used for internal repetition to aid memory and also encodes acoustically.
The visuo-spatial sketchpad can also be divided into the visual cache and the inner scribe.
It encodes visually (inner eye) and is used for visual or spatial tasks.
It too has a brief duration and a limited capacity.
A 4th component, the episodic buffer, was added by Baddeley in 2000 to address the shortcomings of the model.

The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that there is clinical evidence to support the working memory model.
For example, Shallice and Warrington’s (1970) case study of KF, who had suffered brain damage.
After this damage happened, KF had poor STM ability for verbal information, but could process visual information normally presented visually.
KF had difficulty with sounds, but could recall letters and digits.
This suggests that just his phonological loop had been damaged, leaving other areas of memory intact.
This supports the existence of a separate visual and acoustic store and suggests that the working memory model is a valid explanation of memory.

The second AO3 PEEL paragraph is that However, it was a unique case study of a brain-damaged individual, so its findings cannot be generalised to the wider population.
Case studies can also not be replicated as this would be unethical, so it is difficult to test the reliability of the results.
The evidence from brain-damaged patients itself may not be reliable, because it concerns unique cases with patients who have had traumatic experiences.
This therefore invalidates the research and challenges the validity of the working memory model.

The third AO3 PEEL paragraph is that studies of dual-task performance support the separate existence of the visuo-spatial sketchpad.
For example, Baddeley et al. (1975) showed that participants had more difficulty doing two visual tasks (tracking a light and describing the letter F) than doing both a visual and verbal task at the same time.
This increased difficulty is because both visual tasks compete for the same slave system, whereas when doing a verbal and visual task simultaneously, there is no competition.
This means that there must be a separate slave system (the visuo-spatial sketchpad) that processes visual input.
This also shows that the WMM is a much more valid model of memory than other models, such as the multi-store of memory, that do not include this separate store.
What does this mean?

Answer 20

This means that the WMM has led to a greater understanding of memory in the field of cognitive psychology, because it is more accurate than the multi-store model

Question 21

Describe and evaluate the working memory model of memory (16 marks)/Discuss what psychological research has shown about working memory (16 marks).
In your answer, refer to theory and/or evidence.
Baddeley and Hitch conducted an experiment in which participants were asked to perform two tasks simultaneously (dual-task technique) and found that participants made few errors in either tasks.
Baddeley and Hitch therefore concluded that STM must be made up of separate components, all of which are involved in processes other than simple storage.
The working memory model (WMM) was proposed by Baddeley and Hitch in the 1970s as an updated version of STM.
Baddeley and Hitch’s working memory model is a version of STM that sees STM as an active processor.
At the head of the working memory model is the central executive.
The central executive has a brief duration and capacity and oversees the 2 ‘slave’ systems, the phonological loop and the visuo-spatial sketchpad, which are temporary stores that process specific types of information.
The phonological loop also has a brief duration and capacity.
The phonological loop consists of 2 components - the phonological store and the articulatory control process and it is used for internal repetition to aid memory and also encodes acoustically.
The visuo-spatial sketchpad can also be divided into the visual cache and the inner scribe.
It encodes visually (inner eye) and is used for visual or spatial tasks.
It too has a brief duration and a limited capacity.
A 4th component, the episodic buffer, was added by Baddeley in 2000 to address the shortcomings of the model.

The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that there is clinical evidence to support the working memory model.
For example, Shallice and Warrington’s (1970) case study of KF, who had suffered brain damage.
After this damage happened, KF had poor STM ability for verbal information, but could process visual information normally presented visually.
KF had difficulty with sounds, but could recall letters and digits.
This suggests that just his phonological loop had been damaged, leaving other areas of memory intact.
This supports the existence of a separate visual and acoustic store and suggests that the working memory model is a valid explanation of memory.

The second AO3 PEEL paragraph is that However, it was a unique case study of a brain-damaged individual, so its findings cannot be generalised to the wider population.
Case studies can also not be replicated as this would be unethical, so it is difficult to test the reliability of the results.
The evidence from brain-damaged patients itself may not be reliable, because it concerns unique cases with patients who have had traumatic experiences.
This therefore invalidates the research and challenges the validity of the working memory model.

The third AO3 PEEL paragraph is that studies of dual-task performance support the separate existence of the visuo-spatial sketchpad.
For example, Baddeley et al. (1975) showed that participants had more difficulty doing two visual tasks (tracking a light and describing the letter F) than doing both a visual and verbal task at the same time.
This increased difficulty is because both visual tasks compete for the same slave system, whereas when doing a verbal and visual task simultaneously, there is no competition.
This means that there must be a separate slave system (the visuo-spatial sketchpad) that processes visual input.
This also shows that the WMM is a much more valid model of memory than other models, such as the multi-store of memory, that do not include this separate store.
This means that the WMM has led to a greater understanding of memory in the field of cognitive psychology, because it is more accurate than the multi-store model.

Fourth AO3 PEEL paragraph

Answer 21

The fourth AO3 PEEL paragraph is that brain scanning studies also support the working memory model

Question 22

Describe and evaluate the working memory model of memory (16 marks)/Discuss what psychological research has shown about working memory (16 marks).
In your answer, refer to theory and/or evidence.
Baddeley and Hitch conducted an experiment in which participants were asked to perform two tasks simultaneously (dual-task technique) and found that participants made few errors in either tasks.
Baddeley and Hitch therefore concluded that STM must be made up of separate components, all of which are involved in processes other than simple storage.
The working memory model (WMM) was proposed by Baddeley and Hitch in the 1970s as an updated version of STM.
Baddeley and Hitch’s working memory model is a version of STM that sees STM as an active processor.
At the head of the working memory model is the central executive.
The central executive has a brief duration and capacity and oversees the 2 ‘slave’ systems, the phonological loop and the visuo-spatial sketchpad, which are temporary stores that process specific types of information.
The phonological loop also has a brief duration and capacity.
The phonological loop consists of 2 components - the phonological store and the articulatory control process and it is used for internal repetition to aid memory and also encodes acoustically.
The visuo-spatial sketchpad can also be divided into the visual cache and the inner scribe.
It encodes visually (inner eye) and is used for visual or spatial tasks.
It too has a brief duration and a limited capacity.
A 4th component, the episodic buffer, was added by Baddeley in 2000 to address the shortcomings of the model.

The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that there is clinical evidence to support the working memory model.
For example, Shallice and Warrington’s (1970) case study of KF, who had suffered brain damage.
After this damage happened, KF had poor STM ability for verbal information, but could process visual information normally presented visually.
KF had difficulty with sounds, but could recall letters and digits.
This suggests that just his phonological loop had been damaged, leaving other areas of memory intact.
This supports the existence of a separate visual and acoustic store and suggests that the working memory model is a valid explanation of memory.

The second AO3 PEEL paragraph is that However, it was a unique case study of a brain-damaged individual, so its findings cannot be generalised to the wider population.
Case studies can also not be replicated as this would be unethical, so it is difficult to test the reliability of the results.
The evidence from brain-damaged patients itself may not be reliable, because it concerns unique cases with patients who have had traumatic experiences.
This therefore invalidates the research and challenges the validity of the working memory model.

The third AO3 PEEL paragraph is that studies of dual-task performance support the separate existence of the visuo-spatial sketchpad.
For example, Baddeley et al. (1975) showed that participants had more difficulty doing two visual tasks (tracking a light and describing the letter F) than doing both a visual and verbal task at the same time.
This increased difficulty is because both visual tasks compete for the same slave system, whereas when doing a verbal and visual task simultaneously, there is no competition.
This means that there must be a separate slave system (the visuo-spatial sketchpad) that processes visual input.
This also shows that the WMM is a much more valid model of memory than other models, such as the multi-store of memory, that do not include this separate store.
This means that the WMM has led to a greater understanding of memory in the field of cognitive psychology, because it is more accurate than the multi-store model.

The fourth AO3 PEEL paragraph is that brain scanning studies also support the working memory model.
Example

Answer 22

For example, Braver et al. (1997) gave their participants tasks that involved the central executive while they were having a brain scan.
Braver et al. found greater activity in an area known as the left prefrontal cortex.
What was especially interesting was that the activity in this area increased as the task became harder

Question 23

Describe and evaluate the working memory model of memory (16 marks)/Discuss what psychological research has shown about working memory (16 marks).
In your answer, refer to theory and/or evidence.
Baddeley and Hitch conducted an experiment in which participants were asked to perform two tasks simultaneously (dual-task technique) and found that participants made few errors in either tasks.
Baddeley and Hitch therefore concluded that STM must be made up of separate components, all of which are involved in processes other than simple storage.
The working memory model (WMM) was proposed by Baddeley and Hitch in the 1970s as an updated version of STM.
Baddeley and Hitch’s working memory model is a version of STM that sees STM as an active processor.
At the head of the working memory model is the central executive.
The central executive has a brief duration and capacity and oversees the 2 ‘slave’ systems, the phonological loop and the visuo-spatial sketchpad, which are temporary stores that process specific types of information.
The phonological loop also has a brief duration and capacity.
The phonological loop consists of 2 components - the phonological store and the articulatory control process and it is used for internal repetition to aid memory and also encodes acoustically.
The visuo-spatial sketchpad can also be divided into the visual cache and the inner scribe.
It encodes visually (inner eye) and is used for visual or spatial tasks.
It too has a brief duration and a limited capacity.
A 4th component, the episodic buffer, was added by Baddeley in 2000 to address the shortcomings of the model.

The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that there is clinical evidence to support the working memory model.
For example, Shallice and Warrington’s (1970) case study of KF, who had suffered brain damage.
After this damage happened, KF had poor STM ability for verbal information, but could process visual information normally presented visually.
KF had difficulty with sounds, but could recall letters and digits.
This suggests that just his phonological loop had been damaged, leaving other areas of memory intact.
This supports the existence of a separate visual and acoustic store and suggests that the working memory model is a valid explanation of memory.

The second AO3 PEEL paragraph is that However, it was a unique case study of a brain-damaged individual, so its findings cannot be generalised to the wider population.
Case studies can also not be replicated as this would be unethical, so it is difficult to test the reliability of the results.
The evidence from brain-damaged patients itself may not be reliable, because it concerns unique cases with patients who have had traumatic experiences.
This therefore invalidates the research and challenges the validity of the working memory model.

The third AO3 PEEL paragraph is that studies of dual-task performance support the separate existence of the visuo-spatial sketchpad.
For example, Baddeley et al. (1975) showed that participants had more difficulty doing two visual tasks (tracking a light and describing the letter F) than doing both a visual and verbal task at the same time.
This increased difficulty is because both visual tasks compete for the same slave system, whereas when doing a verbal and visual task simultaneously, there is no competition.
This means that there must be a separate slave system (the visuo-spatial sketchpad) that processes visual input.
This also shows that the WMM is a much more valid model of memory than other models, such as the multi-store of memory, that do not include this separate store.
This means that the WMM has led to a greater understanding of memory in the field of cognitive psychology, because it is more accurate than the multi-store model.

The fourth AO3 PEEL paragraph is that brain scanning studies also support the working memory model.
For example, Braver et al. (1997) gave their participants tasks that involved the central executive while they were having a brain scan.
Braver et al. found greater activity in an area known as the left prefrontal cortex.
What was especially interesting was that the activity in this area increased as the task became harder.

Answer 23

This makes a lot of sense in terms of the working memory model, because as demands on the central executive increase, it has to work harder to fulfil its functions

Question 24

Describe and evaluate the working memory model of memory (16 marks)/Discuss what psychological research has shown about working memory (16 marks).
In your answer, refer to theory and/or evidence.
Baddeley and Hitch conducted an experiment in which participants were asked to perform two tasks simultaneously (dual-task technique) and found that participants made few errors in either tasks.
Baddeley and Hitch therefore concluded that STM must be made up of separate components, all of which are involved in processes other than simple storage.
The working memory model (WMM) was proposed by Baddeley and Hitch in the 1970s as an updated version of STM.
Baddeley and Hitch’s working memory model is a version of STM that sees STM as an active processor.
At the head of the working memory model is the central executive.
The central executive has a brief duration and capacity and oversees the 2 ‘slave’ systems, the phonological loop and the visuo-spatial sketchpad, which are temporary stores that process specific types of information.
The phonological loop also has a brief duration and capacity.
The phonological loop consists of 2 components - the phonological store and the articulatory control process and it is used for internal repetition to aid memory and also encodes acoustically.
The visuo-spatial sketchpad can also be divided into the visual cache and the inner scribe.
It encodes visually (inner eye) and is used for visual or spatial tasks.
It too has a brief duration and a limited capacity.
A 4th component, the episodic buffer, was added by Baddeley in 2000 to address the shortcomings of the model.

The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that there is clinical evidence to support the working memory model.
For example, Shallice and Warrington’s (1970) case study of KF, who had suffered brain damage.
After this damage happened, KF had poor STM ability for verbal information, but could process visual information normally presented visually.
KF had difficulty with sounds, but could recall letters and digits.
This suggests that just his phonological loop had been damaged, leaving other areas of memory intact.
This supports the existence of a separate visual and acoustic store and suggests that the working memory model is a valid explanation of memory.

The second AO3 PEEL paragraph is that However, it was a unique case study of a brain-damaged individual, so its findings cannot be generalised to the wider population.
Case studies can also not be replicated as this would be unethical, so it is difficult to test the reliability of the results.
The evidence from brain-damaged patients itself may not be reliable, because it concerns unique cases with patients who have had traumatic experiences.
This therefore invalidates the research and challenges the validity of the working memory model.

The third AO3 PEEL paragraph is that studies of dual-task performance support the separate existence of the visuo-spatial sketchpad.
For example, Baddeley et al. (1975) showed that participants had more difficulty doing two visual tasks (tracking a light and describing the letter F) than doing both a visual and verbal task at the same time.
This increased difficulty is because both visual tasks compete for the same slave system, whereas when doing a verbal and visual task simultaneously, there is no competition.
This means that there must be a separate slave system (the visuo-spatial sketchpad) that processes visual input.
This also shows that the WMM is a much more valid model of memory than other models, such as the multi-store of memory, that do not include this separate store.
This means that the WMM has led to a greater understanding of memory in the field of cognitive psychology, because it is more accurate than the multi-store model.

The fourth AO3 PEEL paragraph is that brain scanning studies also support the working memory model.
For example, Braver et al. (1997) gave their participants tasks that involved the central executive while they were having a brain scan.
Braver et al. found greater activity in an area known as the left prefrontal cortex.
What was especially interesting was that the activity in this area increased as the task became harder.
This makes a lot of sense in terms of the working memory model, because as demands on the central executive increase, it has to work harder to fulfil its functions.
What does this also show?

Answer 24

This also shows that the WMM can be applied to real life, as there is a very good reason why it is against the law to use your mobile phone and drive at the same time, because carrying out two tasks that use the same components of working memory can lead to poor performance on one or both of them

Question 25

Describe and evaluate the working memory model of memory (16 marks)/Discuss what psychological research has shown about working memory (16 marks).
In your answer, refer to theory and/or evidence.
Baddeley and Hitch conducted an experiment in which participants were asked to perform two tasks simultaneously (dual-task technique) and found that participants made few errors in either tasks.
Baddeley and Hitch therefore concluded that STM must be made up of separate components, all of which are involved in processes other than simple storage.
The working memory model (WMM) was proposed by Baddeley and Hitch in the 1970s as an updated version of STM.
Baddeley and Hitch’s working memory model is a version of STM that sees STM as an active processor.
At the head of the working memory model is the central executive.
The central executive has a brief duration and capacity and oversees the 2 ‘slave’ systems, the phonological loop and the visuo-spatial sketchpad, which are temporary stores that process specific types of information.
The phonological loop also has a brief duration and capacity.
The phonological loop consists of 2 components - the phonological store and the articulatory control process and it is used for internal repetition to aid memory and also encodes acoustically.
The visuo-spatial sketchpad can also be divided into the visual cache and the inner scribe.
It encodes visually (inner eye) and is used for visual or spatial tasks.
It too has a brief duration and a limited capacity.
A 4th component, the episodic buffer, was added by Baddeley in 2000 to address the shortcomings of the model.

The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that there is clinical evidence to support the working memory model.
For example, Shallice and Warrington’s (1970) case study of KF, who had suffered brain damage.
After this damage happened, KF had poor STM ability for verbal information, but could process visual information normally presented visually.
KF had difficulty with sounds, but could recall letters and digits.
This suggests that just his phonological loop had been damaged, leaving other areas of memory intact.
This supports the existence of a separate visual and acoustic store and suggests that the working memory model is a valid explanation of memory.

The second AO3 PEEL paragraph is that However, it was a unique case study of a brain-damaged individual, so its findings cannot be generalised to the wider population.
Case studies can also not be replicated as this would be unethical, so it is difficult to test the reliability of the results.
The evidence from brain-damaged patients itself may not be reliable, because it concerns unique cases with patients who have had traumatic experiences.
This therefore invalidates the research and challenges the validity of the working memory model.

The third AO3 PEEL paragraph is that studies of dual-task performance support the separate existence of the visuo-spatial sketchpad.
For example, Baddeley et al. (1975) showed that participants had more difficulty doing two visual tasks (tracking a light and describing the letter F) than doing both a visual and verbal task at the same time.
This increased difficulty is because both visual tasks compete for the same slave system, whereas when doing a verbal and visual task simultaneously, there is no competition.
This means that there must be a separate slave system (the visuo-spatial sketchpad) that processes visual input.
This also shows that the WMM is a much more valid model of memory than other models, such as the multi-store of memory, that do not include this separate store.
This means that the WMM has led to a greater understanding of memory in the field of cognitive psychology, because it is more accurate than the multi-store model.

The fourth AO3 PEEL paragraph is that brain scanning studies also support the working memory model.
For example, Braver et al. (1997) gave their participants tasks that involved the central executive while they were having a brain scan.
Braver et al. found greater activity in an area known as the left prefrontal cortex.
What was especially interesting was that the activity in this area increased as the task became harder.
This makes a lot of sense in terms of the working memory model, because as demands on the central executive increase, it has to work harder to fulfil its functions.
This also shows that the WMM can be applied to real life, as there is a very good reason why it is against the law to use your mobile phone and drive at the same time, because carrying out two tasks that use the same components of working memory can lead to poor performance on one or both of them.
What does this illustrate?

Answer 25

This illustrates that the working memory model is valid and has useful real world application

Question 26

Describe and evaluate the working memory model of memory (16 marks)/Discuss what psychological research has shown about working memory (16 marks).
In your answer, refer to theory and/or evidence.
Baddeley and Hitch conducted an experiment in which participants were asked to perform two tasks simultaneously (dual-task technique) and found that participants made few errors in either tasks.
Baddeley and Hitch therefore concluded that STM must be made up of separate components, all of which are involved in processes other than simple storage.
The working memory model (WMM) was proposed by Baddeley and Hitch in the 1970s as an updated version of STM.
Baddeley and Hitch’s working memory model is a version of STM that sees STM as an active processor.
At the head of the working memory model is the central executive.
The central executive has a brief duration and capacity and oversees the 2 ‘slave’ systems, the phonological loop and the visuo-spatial sketchpad, which are temporary stores that process specific types of information.
The phonological loop also has a brief duration and capacity.
The phonological loop consists of 2 components - the phonological store and the articulatory control process and it is used for internal repetition to aid memory and also encodes acoustically.
The visuo-spatial sketchpad can also be divided into the visual cache and the inner scribe.
It encodes visually (inner eye) and is used for visual or spatial tasks.
It too has a brief duration and a limited capacity.
A 4th component, the episodic buffer, was added by Baddeley in 2000 to address the shortcomings of the model.

The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that there is clinical evidence to support the working memory model.
For example, Shallice and Warrington’s (1970) case study of KF, who had suffered brain damage.
After this damage happened, KF had poor STM ability for verbal information, but could process visual information normally presented visually.
KF had difficulty with sounds, but could recall letters and digits.
This suggests that just his phonological loop had been damaged, leaving other areas of memory intact.
This supports the existence of a separate visual and acoustic store and suggests that the working memory model is a valid explanation of memory.

The second AO3 PEEL paragraph is that However, it was a unique case study of a brain-damaged individual, so its findings cannot be generalised to the wider population.
Case studies can also not be replicated as this would be unethical, so it is difficult to test the reliability of the results.
The evidence from brain-damaged patients itself may not be reliable, because it concerns unique cases with patients who have had traumatic experiences.
This therefore invalidates the research and challenges the validity of the working memory model.

The third AO3 PEEL paragraph is that studies of dual-task performance support the separate existence of the visuo-spatial sketchpad.
For example, Baddeley et al. (1975) showed that participants had more difficulty doing two visual tasks (tracking a light and describing the letter F) than doing both a visual and verbal task at the same time.
This increased difficulty is because both visual tasks compete for the same slave system, whereas when doing a verbal and visual task simultaneously, there is no competition.
This means that there must be a separate slave system (the visuo-spatial sketchpad) that processes visual input.
This also shows that the WMM is a much more valid model of memory than other models, such as the multi-store of memory, that do not include this separate store.
This means that the WMM has led to a greater understanding of memory in the field of cognitive psychology, because it is more accurate than the multi-store model.

The fourth AO3 PEEL paragraph is that brain scanning studies also support the working memory model.
For example, Braver et al. (1997) gave their participants tasks that involved the central executive while they were having a brain scan.
Braver et al. found greater activity in an area known as the left prefrontal cortex.
What was especially interesting was that the activity in this area increased as the task became harder.
This makes a lot of sense in terms of the working memory model, because as demands on the central executive increase, it has to work harder to fulfil its functions.
This also shows that the WMM can be applied to real life, as there is a very good reason why it is against the law to use your mobile phone and drive at the same time, because carrying out two tasks that use the same components of working memory can lead to poor performance on one or both of them.
This illustrates that the working memory model is valid and has useful real world application.

Fifth AO3 PEEL paragraph

Answer 26

The fifth AO3 PEEL paragraph is that One limitation of the WMM is that little is known about the central executive - It isn’t clear what it does or how it works

Question 27

Describe and evaluate the working memory model of memory (16 marks)/Discuss what psychological research has shown about working memory (16 marks).
In your answer, refer to theory and/or evidence.
Baddeley and Hitch conducted an experiment in which participants were asked to perform two tasks simultaneously (dual-task technique) and found that participants made few errors in either tasks.
Baddeley and Hitch therefore concluded that STM must be made up of separate components, all of which are involved in processes other than simple storage.
The working memory model (WMM) was proposed by Baddeley and Hitch in the 1970s as an updated version of STM.
Baddeley and Hitch’s working memory model is a version of STM that sees STM as an active processor.
At the head of the working memory model is the central executive.
The central executive has a brief duration and capacity and oversees the 2 ‘slave’ systems, the phonological loop and the visuo-spatial sketchpad, which are temporary stores that process specific types of information.
The phonological loop also has a brief duration and capacity.
The phonological loop consists of 2 components - the phonological store and the articulatory control process and it is used for internal repetition to aid memory and also encodes acoustically.
The visuo-spatial sketchpad can also be divided into the visual cache and the inner scribe.
It encodes visually (inner eye) and is used for visual or spatial tasks.
It too has a brief duration and a limited capacity.
A 4th component, the episodic buffer, was added by Baddeley in 2000 to address the shortcomings of the model.

The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that there is clinical evidence to support the working memory model.
For example, Shallice and Warrington’s (1970) case study of KF, who had suffered brain damage.
After this damage happened, KF had poor STM ability for verbal information, but could process visual information normally presented visually.
KF had difficulty with sounds, but could recall letters and digits.
This suggests that just his phonological loop had been damaged, leaving other areas of memory intact.
This supports the existence of a separate visual and acoustic store and suggests that the working memory model is a valid explanation of memory.

The second AO3 PEEL paragraph is that However, it was a unique case study of a brain-damaged individual, so its findings cannot be generalised to the wider population.
Case studies can also not be replicated as this would be unethical, so it is difficult to test the reliability of the results.
The evidence from brain-damaged patients itself may not be reliable, because it concerns unique cases with patients who have had traumatic experiences.
This therefore invalidates the research and challenges the validity of the working memory model.

The third AO3 PEEL paragraph is that studies of dual-task performance support the separate existence of the visuo-spatial sketchpad.
For example, Baddeley et al. (1975) showed that participants had more difficulty doing two visual tasks (tracking a light and describing the letter F) than doing both a visual and verbal task at the same time.
This increased difficulty is because both visual tasks compete for the same slave system, whereas when doing a verbal and visual task simultaneously, there is no competition.
This means that there must be a separate slave system (the visuo-spatial sketchpad) that processes visual input.
This also shows that the WMM is a much more valid model of memory than other models, such as the multi-store of memory, that do not include this separate store.
This means that the WMM has led to a greater understanding of memory in the field of cognitive psychology, because it is more accurate than the multi-store model.

The fourth AO3 PEEL paragraph is that brain scanning studies also support the working memory model.
For example, Braver et al. (1997) gave their participants tasks that involved the central executive while they were having a brain scan.
Braver et al. found greater activity in an area known as the left prefrontal cortex.
What was especially interesting was that the activity in this area increased as the task became harder.
This makes a lot of sense in terms of the working memory model, because as demands on the central executive increase, it has to work harder to fulfil its functions.
This also shows that the WMM can be applied to real life, as there is a very good reason why it is against the law to use your mobile phone and drive at the same time, because carrying out two tasks that use the same components of working memory can lead to poor performance on one or both of them.
This illustrates that the working memory model is valid and has useful real world application.

The fifth AO3 PEEL paragraph is that One limitation of the WMM is that little is known about the central executive - It isn’t clear what it does or how it works.

Answer 27

Cognitive psychologists suggest that the central executive component of the working memory model is unsatisfactory and doesn’t really explain anything

Question 28

Describe and evaluate the working memory model of memory (16 marks)/Discuss what psychological research has shown about working memory (16 marks).
In your answer, refer to theory and/or evidence.
Baddeley and Hitch conducted an experiment in which participants were asked to perform two tasks simultaneously (dual-task technique) and found that participants made few errors in either tasks.
Baddeley and Hitch therefore concluded that STM must be made up of separate components, all of which are involved in processes other than simple storage.
The working memory model (WMM) was proposed by Baddeley and Hitch in the 1970s as an updated version of STM.
Baddeley and Hitch’s working memory model is a version of STM that sees STM as an active processor.
At the head of the working memory model is the central executive.
The central executive has a brief duration and capacity and oversees the 2 ‘slave’ systems, the phonological loop and the visuo-spatial sketchpad, which are temporary stores that process specific types of information.
The phonological loop also has a brief duration and capacity.
The phonological loop consists of 2 components - the phonological store and the articulatory control process and it is used for internal repetition to aid memory and also encodes acoustically.
The visuo-spatial sketchpad can also be divided into the visual cache and the inner scribe.
It encodes visually (inner eye) and is used for visual or spatial tasks.
It too has a brief duration and a limited capacity.
A 4th component, the episodic buffer, was added by Baddeley in 2000 to address the shortcomings of the model.

The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that there is clinical evidence to support the working memory model.
For example, Shallice and Warrington’s (1970) case study of KF, who had suffered brain damage.
After this damage happened, KF had poor STM ability for verbal information, but could process visual information normally presented visually.
KF had difficulty with sounds, but could recall letters and digits.
This suggests that just his phonological loop had been damaged, leaving other areas of memory intact.
This supports the existence of a separate visual and acoustic store and suggests that the working memory model is a valid explanation of memory.

The second AO3 PEEL paragraph is that However, it was a unique case study of a brain-damaged individual, so its findings cannot be generalised to the wider population.
Case studies can also not be replicated as this would be unethical, so it is difficult to test the reliability of the results.
The evidence from brain-damaged patients itself may not be reliable, because it concerns unique cases with patients who have had traumatic experiences.
This therefore invalidates the research and challenges the validity of the working memory model.

The third AO3 PEEL paragraph is that studies of dual-task performance support the separate existence of the visuo-spatial sketchpad.
For example, Baddeley et al. (1975) showed that participants had more difficulty doing two visual tasks (tracking a light and describing the letter F) than doing both a visual and verbal task at the same time.
This increased difficulty is because both visual tasks compete for the same slave system, whereas when doing a verbal and visual task simultaneously, there is no competition.
This means that there must be a separate slave system (the visuo-spatial sketchpad) that processes visual input.
This also shows that the WMM is a much more valid model of memory than other models, such as the multi-store of memory, that do not include this separate store.
This means that the WMM has led to a greater understanding of memory in the field of cognitive psychology, because it is more accurate than the multi-store model.

The fourth AO3 PEEL paragraph is that brain scanning studies also support the working memory model.
For example, Braver et al. (1997) gave their participants tasks that involved the central executive while they were having a brain scan.
Braver et al. found greater activity in an area known as the left prefrontal cortex.
What was especially interesting was that the activity in this area increased as the task became harder.
This makes a lot of sense in terms of the working memory model, because as demands on the central executive increase, it has to work harder to fulfil its functions.
This also shows that the WMM can be applied to real life, as there is a very good reason why it is against the law to use your mobile phone and drive at the same time, because carrying out two tasks that use the same components of working memory can lead to poor performance on one or both of them.
This illustrates that the working memory model is valid and has useful real world application.

The fifth AO3 PEEL paragraph is that One limitation of the WMM is that little is known about the central executive - It isn’t clear what it does or how it works.
Cognitive psychologists suggest that the central executive component of the working memory model is unsatisfactory and doesn’t really explain anything.

Answer 28

Baddeley himself recognised this when he said that the ‘central executive is the most important, but the least understood, component of the working memory model.’ (2003)

Question 29

Describe and evaluate the working memory model of memory (16 marks)/Discuss what psychological research has shown about working memory (16 marks).
In your answer, refer to theory and/or evidence.
Baddeley and Hitch conducted an experiment in which participants were asked to perform two tasks simultaneously (dual-task technique) and found that participants made few errors in either tasks.
Baddeley and Hitch therefore concluded that STM must be made up of separate components, all of which are involved in processes other than simple storage.
The working memory model (WMM) was proposed by Baddeley and Hitch in the 1970s as an updated version of STM.
Baddeley and Hitch’s working memory model is a version of STM that sees STM as an active processor.
At the head of the working memory model is the central executive.
The central executive has a brief duration and capacity and oversees the 2 ‘slave’ systems, the phonological loop and the visuo-spatial sketchpad, which are temporary stores that process specific types of information.
The phonological loop also has a brief duration and capacity.
The phonological loop consists of 2 components - the phonological store and the articulatory control process and it is used for internal repetition to aid memory and also encodes acoustically.
The visuo-spatial sketchpad can also be divided into the visual cache and the inner scribe.
It encodes visually (inner eye) and is used for visual or spatial tasks.
It too has a brief duration and a limited capacity.
A 4th component, the episodic buffer, was added by Baddeley in 2000 to address the shortcomings of the model.

The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that there is clinical evidence to support the working memory model.
For example, Shallice and Warrington’s (1970) case study of KF, who had suffered brain damage.
After this damage happened, KF had poor STM ability for verbal information, but could process visual information normally presented visually.
KF had difficulty with sounds, but could recall letters and digits.
This suggests that just his phonological loop had been damaged, leaving other areas of memory intact.
This supports the existence of a separate visual and acoustic store and suggests that the working memory model is a valid explanation of memory.

The second AO3 PEEL paragraph is that However, it was a unique case study of a brain-damaged individual, so its findings cannot be generalised to the wider population.
Case studies can also not be replicated as this would be unethical, so it is difficult to test the reliability of the results.
The evidence from brain-damaged patients itself may not be reliable, because it concerns unique cases with patients who have had traumatic experiences.
This therefore invalidates the research and challenges the validity of the working memory model.

The third AO3 PEEL paragraph is that studies of dual-task performance support the separate existence of the visuo-spatial sketchpad.
For example, Baddeley et al. (1975) showed that participants had more difficulty doing two visual tasks (tracking a light and describing the letter F) than doing both a visual and verbal task at the same time.
This increased difficulty is because both visual tasks compete for the same slave system, whereas when doing a verbal and visual task simultaneously, there is no competition.
This means that there must be a separate slave system (the visuo-spatial sketchpad) that processes visual input.
This also shows that the WMM is a much more valid model of memory than other models, such as the multi-store of memory, that do not include this separate store.
This means that the WMM has led to a greater understanding of memory in the field of cognitive psychology, because it is more accurate than the multi-store model.

The fourth AO3 PEEL paragraph is that brain scanning studies also support the working memory model.
For example, Braver et al. (1997) gave their participants tasks that involved the central executive while they were having a brain scan.
Braver et al. found greater activity in an area known as the left prefrontal cortex.
What was especially interesting was that the activity in this area increased as the task became harder.
This makes a lot of sense in terms of the working memory model, because as demands on the central executive increase, it has to work harder to fulfil its functions.
This also shows that the WMM can be applied to real life, as there is a very good reason why it is against the law to use your mobile phone and drive at the same time, because carrying out two tasks that use the same components of working memory can lead to poor performance on one or both of them.
This illustrates that the working memory model is valid and has useful real world application.

The fifth AO3 PEEL paragraph is that One limitation of the WMM is that little is known about the central executive - It isn’t clear what it does or how it works.
Cognitive psychologists suggest that the central executive component of the working memory model is unsatisfactory and doesn’t really explain anything.
Baddeley himself recognised this when he said that the ‘central executive is the most important, but the least understood, component of the working memory model.’ (2003).
Example

Answer 29

For example, some psychologists believe it may consist of separate components

Question 30

Describe and evaluate the working memory model of memory (16 marks)/Discuss what psychological research has shown about working memory (16 marks).
In your answer, refer to theory and/or evidence.
Baddeley and Hitch conducted an experiment in which participants were asked to perform two tasks simultaneously (dual-task technique) and found that participants made few errors in either tasks.
Baddeley and Hitch therefore concluded that STM must be made up of separate components, all of which are involved in processes other than simple storage.
The working memory model (WMM) was proposed by Baddeley and Hitch in the 1970s as an updated version of STM.
Baddeley and Hitch’s working memory model is a version of STM that sees STM as an active processor.
At the head of the working memory model is the central executive.
The central executive has a brief duration and capacity and oversees the 2 ‘slave’ systems, the phonological loop and the visuo-spatial sketchpad, which are temporary stores that process specific types of information.
The phonological loop also has a brief duration and capacity.
The phonological loop consists of 2 components - the phonological store and the articulatory control process and it is used for internal repetition to aid memory and also encodes acoustically.
The visuo-spatial sketchpad can also be divided into the visual cache and the inner scribe.
It encodes visually (inner eye) and is used for visual or spatial tasks.
It too has a brief duration and a limited capacity.
A 4th component, the episodic buffer, was added by Baddeley in 2000 to address the shortcomings of the model.

The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that there is clinical evidence to support the working memory model.
For example, Shallice and Warrington’s (1970) case study of KF, who had suffered brain damage.
After this damage happened, KF had poor STM ability for verbal information, but could process visual information normally presented visually.
KF had difficulty with sounds, but could recall letters and digits.
This suggests that just his phonological loop had been damaged, leaving other areas of memory intact.
This supports the existence of a separate visual and acoustic store and suggests that the working memory model is a valid explanation of memory.

The second AO3 PEEL paragraph is that However, it was a unique case study of a brain-damaged individual, so its findings cannot be generalised to the wider population.
Case studies can also not be replicated as this would be unethical, so it is difficult to test the reliability of the results.
The evidence from brain-damaged patients itself may not be reliable, because it concerns unique cases with patients who have had traumatic experiences.
This therefore invalidates the research and challenges the validity of the working memory model.

The third AO3 PEEL paragraph is that studies of dual-task performance support the separate existence of the visuo-spatial sketchpad.
For example, Baddeley et al. (1975) showed that participants had more difficulty doing two visual tasks (tracking a light and describing the letter F) than doing both a visual and verbal task at the same time.
This increased difficulty is because both visual tasks compete for the same slave system, whereas when doing a verbal and visual task simultaneously, there is no competition.
This means that there must be a separate slave system (the visuo-spatial sketchpad) that processes visual input.
This also shows that the WMM is a much more valid model of memory than other models, such as the multi-store of memory, that do not include this separate store.
This means that the WMM has led to a greater understanding of memory in the field of cognitive psychology, because it is more accurate than the multi-store model.

The fourth AO3 PEEL paragraph is that brain scanning studies also support the working memory model.
For example, Braver et al. (1997) gave their participants tasks that involved the central executive while they were having a brain scan.
Braver et al. found greater activity in an area known as the left prefrontal cortex.
What was especially interesting was that the activity in this area increased as the task became harder.
This makes a lot of sense in terms of the working memory model, because as demands on the central executive increase, it has to work harder to fulfil its functions.
This also shows that the WMM can be applied to real life, as there is a very good reason why it is against the law to use your mobile phone and drive at the same time, because carrying out two tasks that use the same components of working memory can lead to poor performance on one or both of them.
This illustrates that the working memory model is valid and has useful real world application.

The fifth AO3 PEEL paragraph is that One limitation of the WMM is that little is known about the central executive - It isn’t clear what it does or how it works.
Cognitive psychologists suggest that the central executive component of the working memory model is unsatisfactory and doesn’t really explain anything.
Baddeley himself recognised this when he said that the ‘central executive is the most important, but the least understood, component of the working memory model.’ (2003).
For example, some psychologists believe it may consist of separate components.
What does this mean?

Answer 30

This means that the working memory model hasn’t been fully explained and so isn’t a valid explanation of memory